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For all the scenarios, open eyes are observed.A novel technique, to the best of our knowledge, for the inscription of superimposed long-period gratings with arbitrary grating pitches is proposed and experimentally validated. The technique is based on the discretization of an ideal continuous sinusoidal refractive index (RI) pattern with a step function. The RI variation is induced by means of the irradiation of a photosensitive fiber with a 248 nm UV laser beam. The nonlinear relation between the induced RI change and the UV fluence was experimentally derived. Two superimposed long-period grating (LPGs) with different grating pitches have been realized with the discretization technique; the transmission spectrum was compared with that of two superimposed LPGs obtained with the traditional square wave RI modulation. The validity of the proposed technique was demonstrated by the better spectral characteristics of the discretized superimposed LPGs.An ultra-compact hybrid plasmonic mode convertor is demonstrated based on a hybrid plasmonic slot waveguide structure. Benefiting from the unidirectional eigenmode expansion approach, a mode-interference-based $rm TE_00$TE00-to-$rm TM_01$TM01 mode convertor is realized for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, with an ultra-compact footprint of only $2.33 times 7,,unicodex00B5 rm m^2$2.33×7µm2. At the wavelength of 1550 nm, the insertion loss is below 2.34 dB, and the extinction ratio is 25.6 dB with mode conversion purity as high as 94.6%. The extinction ratio is over 15.5 dB for the entire C-band with a bandwidth of extinction ratio above 10 dB larger than 110 nm. The transmissivity of the crosstalk $rm TE_10$TE10 and $rm TE_02$TE02 at 1550 nm is $ - 16.1$-16.1 and $ - 22.7,,rm dB$-22.7dB, respectively.The characteristics of Rayleigh speckle generated from a single-mode fiber are related to the wavelength of the incident lightwave, which makes it possible to use Rayleigh speckle for spectrum measurement. Based on this feature, we propose, to the best of our knowledge, a novel wavemeter with high resolution realized using optical time domain reflectometry to obtain Rayleigh speckle. We show that the spectral resolution is inverse to the probe pulse width, with a spectral resolution of 6 fm corresponding to a 2 µs probe pulse. GO-203 molecular weight A correlation coefficient method is introduced to further increase the spectral resolution from 6 to 0.4 fm. Moreover, it is experimentally demonstrated that the system has the capability to resolve dynamic multi-wavelength signals with 25 µs time resolution. The proposed high-resolution wavemeter is a good prospect for cost effectiveness, compactness, and excellent performance of spectral resolution.Acquiring full control over a large number of diffraction orders can be strongly attractive in the case of realizing multifunctional devices such as multichannel reflectors. Recently, the concept of metagrating has been introduced, which enables obtaining the desired diffraction pattern through a sparse periodic array of engineered scatterers. In this Letter, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a tunable all-graphene multichannel meta-reflector is proposed for operating at terahertz (THz) frequencies. In the supercell level, the designed metagrating is composed of three graphene ribbons of different controllable chemical potentials which can be regarded as a five-channel THz meta-reflector. By choosing proper distribution of DC voltages feeding the ribbons, our design can realize different intriguing functionalities such as anomalous reflection, retroreflection, and three-channel power splitting within a single shared aperture and with high efficiency. This Letter paves the way toward designing highly efficient and tunable THz multichannel meta-reflectors with many potential applications in photonics and optoelectronics.Microdisks are excellent whispering-gallery mode (WGM) optical resonators, but their emissions are invariably in-plane isotropic due to their circularities and thus difficult to be extracted efficiently. In this work, a waveguide with a width of 0.16 µm directly coupled to a microdisk with a diameter of 10 µm is fabricated on a 0.77 µm thick GaN thin film containing InGaN/GaN multi-quantum wells. This eliminates the need for precision patterning required by evanescent coupling schemes in which coupling gaps of the order of tens of nanometers must be maintained. The fabrication was carried out using nanosphere and nanowire lithography. Non-evanescent coupling of WGMs to the waveguide from the microdisk is successfully demonstrated.INTRODUCTION Cancer cachexia is characterized by severe skeletal muscle mass loss, which is driven by decreased muscle protein synthesis and increased protein degradation. Daily physical activity and feeding behaviors exhibit diurnal fluctuations in mice that can impact the systemic environment and skeletal muscle signaling. PURPOSE We investigated the effect of cancer cachexia on the diurnal regulation of feeding, physical activity, and skeletal muscle mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in tumor-bearing mice. We also examined the impact of increased physical activity on diurnal behaviors and skeletal muscle mTROC1 signaling in the cancer environment. METHODS Physical activity and feeding behaviors were measured for four consecutive days before sacrifice in male C57BL/6 (B6; n = 24) and Apc (MIN; n = 22) mice at 700 AM and 700 PM under ad libitum condition. A subset of B6 (n = 16) and MIN (n = 19) mice were given wheel access for 2 wk before diurnal behavior measurements. Gastrocnemius muscle protein expression was examined. RESULTS The MIN mice demonstrated altered diurnal fluctuations in feeding and activity compared with the B6. Interestingly, cachexia did not alter MIN total food intake, but dramatically reduced cage physical activity. As a measurement of mTORC1 activity, 4E-BP1 phosphorylation increased after the dark cycle in B6 and precachectic MIN mice, whereas rpS6 phosphorylation was only increased after the dark cycle in MIN mice. MIN 4E-BP1 phosphorylation at the end of the light cycle was significantly correlated with cachexia progression and reduced physical activity. Voluntary wheel running increased light cycle MIN 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and attenuated muscle mass loss. CONCLUSIONS The cancer environment can alter diurnal feeding and physical activity behaviors in tumor-bearing mice, which are linked to the progression of cachexia and muscle wasting. Furthermore, suppressed physical activity during cachexia is associated with decreased skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling.
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