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Given the growing evidence of reduced heart rate variability in psychiatric diseases associated with emotional instability, we investigated cardiovascular autonomic modulation in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) during resting state, parasympathetic stimulation (metronomic breathing), and sympathetic stimulation (mental arithmetic stress test).

In 29 BPD outpatients and 30 controls, we recorded RR-intervals (RRI), blood pressure, skin conductance levels, and respiratory frequency during resting state, metronomic breathing, stress anticipation, stress exposure, and stress recovery. We calculated baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and parameters of heart rate variability, including the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), an index of cardiovagal modulation.

During resting state, BPD patients showed higher blood pressure and shorter RRI, as well as lower RMSSD and BRS than controls. Metronomic breathing increased RMSSD and BRS in BPD patients. During the stress exposure, BRS significantly decreased in controls, but not in BPD patients. Furthermore, BPD patients showed less cardioacceleration in response to stress exposure than controls. During stress recovery, we found increases in RMSSD and BRS in controls, but not in BPD patients.

Our data show reduced cardiovascular autonomic modulation in BPD patients during resting state, psychophysiological relaxation, and stress exposure. BLZ945 in vivo The results indicate a vagal modulation deficit in this cohort. Breathing techniques, such as metronomic breathing, might be helpful to reduce stress and to increase vagal tone in BPD patients.
Our data show reduced cardiovascular autonomic modulation in BPD patients during resting state, psychophysiological relaxation, and stress exposure. The results indicate a vagal modulation deficit in this cohort. Breathing techniques, such as metronomic breathing, might be helpful to reduce stress and to increase vagal tone in BPD patients.
Percutaneous device closure was shown to effectively prevent recurrent strokes in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO). Whether this protective effect is relevant for patients with hypercoagulable states (HCSs) is unknown as they were not represented in prior studies.

Data on 136 consecutive patients with a PFO and clinically significant HCS were retrospectively collected. PFO closure and antithrombotic regimen were decided on an individual basis by the treating physicians, and adherence to therapy was routinely evaluated. The outcome was the occurrence of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

HCS types consisted of antiphospholipid syndrome (31%), factor-5 Leiden mutation (22%), prothrombin mutation (18%), protein S deficiency (15%), protein C deficiency (7%), methyl-tetra-hydro folate reductase mutation (5%), and essential thrombocytosis (2%). 102 patients (75%) were maintained on anticoagulants and the remaining on antiplatelet therapy. PFO closure was undertaken in 85 (63%); antithrombotic therapy was not interrupted prior to or after the procedures. At a mean follow-up of 46 ± 8 months, 23 patients (17%; 95% confidence interval, 9.3-22%) experienced an outcome event, mainly in the form of CVAs (n = 15, 65%). In multivariable analysis, PFO closure was associated with a 5-fold decrease in the risk of CVA/TIA (p = 0.02). This effect was independent of the type of HCS or antithrombotic therapy.

Among patients with HCSs maintained on anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapies, PFO closure was associated with a significantly lower risk of CVA or TIA.
Among patients with HCSs maintained on anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapies, PFO closure was associated with a significantly lower risk of CVA or TIA.The role of the host immune system in caries progression is mainly speculative, and it is believed that it entails the enzymatic degradation of the dentin organic matrix. The aim of this study was to evaluate the proteolytic effect of human neutrophil enzymes on root caries progression. For this, specimens of bovine root dentin were divided into 4 groups (n = 30) caries (C), caries + neutrophils (C + N), no caries (Control), and no caries + neutrophils (Control + N). Streptococcus mutans biofilm (105 CFU/mL) was grown on the root surface to artificially induce root carious lesions (C and C + N groups). Specimens were then exposed to neutrophils (5 × 106 cells/mL) for 48 h (C + N and Control + N groups). Caries development and neutrophil exposures were repeated a 2nd and 3rd time. Caries depth (CD) and dentin demineralization (DD) were assessed by infiltration of rhodamine B using fluorescence microscopy. Collagen fibril ultrastructure was characterized under a polarized microscope with Picrosirius red staining. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in CD and DD between the C and C + N groups for 1, 2, and 3 caries-neutrophil exposures. Immature collagen was significantly less present in the carious groups (C, p = 0.003; C + N, p = 0.01) than in the noncarious groups in the most superficial 200 µm. We thus concluded that human neutrophil enzymes did not influence short-term root caries progression, and immature collagen fibrils were more susceptible to degradation during S. mutans-induced root caries progression.
The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and the risk of respiratory and sleep disorders in professional drivers.

This case-control study was conducted on professional drivers in Shahroud, Iran. The snoring, tiredness during daytime, observed apnea, high blood pressure, body mass index, age, neck circumference, gender (STOP-Bang) questionnaire was first used to assess obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Then, based on the questionnaire scores, the participants were divided into two groups those with and those without OSA. The relationship between this disorder and metabolic syndrome was then studied. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests (
<0.05).

Based on the STOP-Bang questionnaire, 214 drivers with a high risk of OSA and 214 drivers with low risk were recruited for the study. According to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, 204 drivers (47.7%) had metabolic syndrome. There was a significant relationship between driver's license class and the risk of OSA.
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