Notes

Nucleobindin-derived nesfatin-1 along with nesfatin-1-like peptide activate pro-opiomelanocortin synthesis inside murine AtT-20 corticotrophs through the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling walkway.
Approximately 20% of North Americans are afflicted with chronic pain with 3% being opioid users. The objective was to determine whether patients on opioids for chronic pain with newly diagnosed sleep apnea attended sleep clinic review and followed treatment recommendations.

The study was a post hoc analysis from a multicenter perspective cohort study. Inclusion criteria included adults taking opioid medications for chronic pain for >3 months. Demographic data and daily opioid dose were collected. Sleep apnea was diagnosed via level 1 polysomnography. Patients who attended sleep clinic review were grouped based on the types of treatment they received.

A total of 204 patients completed polysomnography and 58.8% were diagnosed to have sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index ≥5 events/h). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/triptolide.html Of those with sleep apnea, 58% were recommended to have an evaluation by a sleep physician. Body mass index and age were 29.5 ± 6 kg/m² and 56 ± 12 years, respectively. Of those with newly diagnosed sleep apnea, 25% received treatment, with the majority being treated with positive airway pressure therapy, whereas the rest received positional therapy and opioids/sedative reduction. The adherence rate of positive airway pressure therapy was 55% at 1 year. Over 50% of participants on opioids for chronic pain with newly diagnosed sleep apnea declined attendance for sleep clinic review or treatment.

There was a high refusal rate to attend clinic for treatment. Adherence to positive airway pressure therapy was low at 55%. This sheds light on the high rate of treatment nonadherence and the need for further research.

Registry ClinicalTrials.gov; Name Opioid Safety Program in Pain Clinics (Op-Safe); URL https//www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02513836; Identifier NCT02513836.
Registry ClinicalTrials.gov; Name Opioid Safety Program in Pain Clinics (Op-Safe); URL https//www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02513836; Identifier NCT02513836.
To understand the sleep medicine educational exposure among parent specialties of sleep medicine fellowships, we conducted an online survey among Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education-approved training programs.

Target respondents were program directors of family medicine, otolaryngology, psychiatry, neurology, pediatrics, and pulmonary and critical care training programs in the United States. The survey was based on the Sleep Education Survey, a peer-reviewed, published survey created by the American Academy of Neurology Sleep Section. The modified 18-question survey was emailed via Survey Monkey per published methods totaling 3 requests approximately 1 week apart in January 2017.

A total of 1228 programs were contacted, and 479 responses were received for an overall response rate of 39%. Some programs in every specialty group offered a sleep medicine elective or a required rotation to trainees. Pulmonary and critical care and neurology reported the highest percentages of sleep medicine rfer sleep medicine certification.
Prior studies have shown a morning chronotype for African Americans compared with non-Hispanic Whites, yet self-reported sleep timing is delayed in African Americans compared with Whites.

We analyzed data from the Multi-Ethnicity Study of Atherosclerosis, a multisite community-based cohort. Self-reported and actigraphic sleep timing, chronotype measured by the modified Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, and risk of depression measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale were examined using nonparametric approaches and linear or logistic regression while comparing between African Americans and Whites and evaluating the effects of delayed sleep phase.

In 1,401 participants, there was no difference in chronotype between African Americans and Whites. African Americans were 80% more likely to report a delayed sleep phase (defined as bedtime after midnight) on weekdays and 50% more likely on weekends than were Whites. Actigraphic data showed similar results. Actigraphic midsleep time was delayed 38 minutes on weekdays and 24 minutes on weekends in African Americans compared with Whites. Stratified analysis by chronotype showed that African Americans with a morning or intermediate chronotype had a significantly delayed sleep phase compared with Whites, but there was no difference between African Americans and Whites with an evening chronotype. Delayed sleep phase was associated with depression, but this relationship was only significant in White participants.

African Americans had a delayed sleep phase compared with Whites that was more pronounced in individuals with a morning or intermediate chronotype. Consequences of delayed sleep phase may vary by race and ethnicity.
African Americans had a delayed sleep phase compared with Whites that was more pronounced in individuals with a morning or intermediate chronotype. Consequences of delayed sleep phase may vary by race and ethnicity.COVID-19 is not well studied in Africa. Understanding the clinical profile and management of COVID-19 will help to plan better prevention and treatment strategies taking the local context into consideration. In this study, we described the clinical profile, treatment used, and outcomes of COVID-19 patients in one of the COVID-19 treatment centers of Ethiopia, Boru Meda Hospital. An institution-based retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out using medical records of COVID-19 patients who were admitted to Boru Meda Hospital with a positive reverse transcription (RT)-PCR result from May 9, 2020 to September 20, 2020. All patients with a positive RT-PCR were admitted to the hospital, regardless of symptom and severity status. A total of 279 COVID-19 patients were included in the final analysis. The median age of patients was 28 years (interquartile range 23-40). The majority (69.5%) were male. Around a quarter (n = 73; 26.2%) of the patients were symptomatic, of which cough (n = 49; 67.1%) and fever (n = 32; 43.8%) were common symptoms. Among symptomatic patients, 48 (65.8%) were mild, four (5.5%) moderate, 12 (16.4%) severe, and nine (12.3%) were critical. The case fatality rate was 2.1%. Hypertension, age older than 25 years, and HIV/AIDS were significantly associated with symptomatic infection. In this study, most of the COVID-19 patients were asymptomatic. However, the proportion of severe and critical patients among those with symptoms was high. More studies are needed to assess the effect of HIV/AIDS on the severity and mortality of COVID-19.
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