Notes

Discovery of ordinary and slower saccades utilizing acted piecewise polynomial approximation.
emic effect in the experimental rats and increased the volumes of the pancreatic islet cells as well as ameliorated the pathological changes in the pancreas.Blighia unijugata (Sapindaceae) is an indigenous tree belonging to the tropical forests of West Africa. It is called "Ako Isin" by the Yoruba people of Southern-Western part of Nigeria, where it is among plants used traditionally in the management of depressive psychosis. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the anti-depressant activity of ethanol extract of Blighia unijugata leaves in-vivo using acute and chronic experimental models of depression. The antidepressant activity of ethanol extract of B. unijugata leaves was investigated using acute and chronic unpredictable mild stress. Depression tests used included forced swimming, tail suspension, yohimbine induced lethality and reserpine induced depression tests. Oxidative stress markers were also assessed in the brain homogenates after chronic unpredictable mild stress. The acute toxicity studied using oral route of administration was 1414 mg/kg. The results showed that, B. unijugata produced significant reduction in immobility time in forced swimming and tail suspension tests without stimulating in locomotor activity in open field test. It was also found that B. unijugata significantly reversed diarrhea, ptosis and hypothermia in reserpine model of depression. 2.5 mg/kg B. unijugata potentiated yohimbine induced lethality in mice and also reduced the oxidative stress markers. The ethanol extract of B. unijugata leaves possessed antidepressant action, thus justifying its use in the management of mental illness.The present study evaluates the oral safety and oral toxicity reversibility of a Nigerian Polyherbal Mixture (NPM) in female Wistar rats. In this study, acute oral toxicity was conducted on 20 female Wistar rats using the limit dose test of Up-And-Down Procedure of the OECD Acute Oral Toxicity Testing 425 guidelines at 5000 mg/kg of NPM. Additionally, 40 female Wistar rats (120-150 g) were divided into 4 groups (n=10) and orally treated with 10ml/kg of distilled water, 82 mg/kg, 410 mg/kg and 2050 mg/kg of NPM, respectively, for 90 days. Five rats from each group were sacrificed while the remaining rats in each group were kept for another 14 days for oral toxicities reversibility test. Blood samples and vital organs were obtained for biochemical, hematological and histological changes. Results showed that acute oral toxicity testing of NPM caused no death in any of the three sequentially treated rats and its estimated LD50 value was greater than 5000 mg/kg. Chronic oral treatment with 82-2050 mg/kg NPM caused significant elevations in the serum urea and creatinine and full blood count parameters (except differential WBC counts). The elevated renal function parameters were corroborated by dose-related histological changes of renal tubular congestions. also caused profound thrombocytosis and histopathological changes of pulmonary interstitial widening and gastritis. In conclusion, NPM may not be considered safe for consumption on prolonged use and at a high dose due to its profound tendencies to cause pulmonary fibrosis, nephrotoxicity, gastritis and thrombo-embolism. However, all the biochemical and hematological but histopathological alterations induced by NPM were reversed 14 days after the treatment cessation.Mercury contamination of our environment in Nigeria is increasing as mining activity increases. Its exposure causes human toxicological effects which include neurotoxicity through reactive oxygen species. This study investigated the ameliorative effects of the flavonoid-rich aqueous extract of Celosia argentea (AECA) and vitamin E (VitE) in the brain of rats treated with mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were randomized into five treatment groups (n=5). Group 1- control; Group 2- HgCl2 (4 mg/kg); Group 3- AECA (400 mg/kg); Group 4- HgCl2 (4 mg/kg) + AECA (400 mg/kg); Group 5- HgCl2 (4 mg/kg) + VitE (500 mg/kg). All items were administered using an oral cannula daily for 14 days. Behavioural studies were carried out on the 16th day of experiment after which rats were euthanized. selleckchem Thereafter, gross, haematological and biochemical parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] were assessed. Mercuric chloride significantly (p less then 0.05) reduced body weight of rats, SOD activity and GSH level but increased MDA level, CAT activity and the number of degenerated neurons in the cerebral cortex relative to control group. Microscopically, HgCl2 induced degeneration of cerebral cortical neurons and Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum. Treatment of HgCl2 and AECA and VitE caused a reversal of these HgCl2-induced alterations. The behavioural and haematological parameters were not significantly affected through the groups. The results suggest Celosia argentea Linn and vitamin E protected against mercury-induced gross, oxidative, cerebral and cerebellar damage. Both AECA and Vitamin E demonstrated neuroprotection in this experiment.This work investigated 30 skulls of the Kuri cattle comprising 15 males and 15 females, of three age groups, 10 young (9 months to less than 3 years), 10 middle aged (3 to 5 years) and 10 aged (greater than 5 years). The skulls were prepared using hot water maceration technique. Using Ruler, thread and divider; 59 Osteometric parameters were taken to determine sexual dimorphism, only 6 indices showed statistically significant differences between the sexes. These indices were maximum intercondylar width (MICW), right supraorbital foramen to interfrontal suture (ISRSOF), left supraorbital foramen to interfrontal suture (ISLSOF), lateral intercornual length (LICL), intertemporal line width (ITLW) and horn base circumference (HBC). The female had longer viscerocranial length (VCrL) both on the nasal and palatal aspects, but were wider in the male. The male had longer and wider neurocranium. The paracondylar process length (PCPL) was longer in the female, but the male had wider interparacondylar width (IPCW) and maximum intercondylar width (MICW) While the ISRSOF significant difference appeared only at the middle-age group at p less then 0.
Here's my website: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/LBH-589.html