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Heart radioablation within the management of ventricular tachycardia.
The efficacy of fluoroquinolone-based eradication therapy largely depends on the fluoroquinolone resistance of H. pylori. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the primary resistance rate of H. pylori to fluoroquinolone and the mechanism of resistance in Korea. A total of 153 strains and 48 strains of H. pylori were isolated at a tertiary hospital in 2005/2006 and 2017/2018, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of fluoroquinolone were determined by the serial 2-fold agar dilution method. DNA sequences in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA/gyrB were analyzed in resistant strains. Subsequent natural transformation study was performed to determine the association between gyrase mutation and resistance. The resistance rates increased from 19.0% (29/153) to 43.8% (21/48) both for levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. The MIC values for resistant strains increased from 2-8 µg/mL to 4-16 µg/mL over time. Mutation of gyrA was detected in 93.1% (27/29) and 100% (21/21) among the resistant strains in both periods, respectively. A novel Gly-85 mutation of gyrA was found and confirmed to be associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Fluoroquinolone resistance rate of H. pylori has markedly increased over time in Korea. The resistance is mostly due to the point mutation of gyrA. Fluoroquinolone-containing regimens should be carefully selected in Korea, considering the increasing fluoroquinolone resistance.How auxin transport regulates organ abscission is a long-standing and intriguing question. Polar auxin transport across the abscission zone (AZ) plays a more important role in the regulation of abscission than a local concentration of this hormone. We recently reported the existence of a spatiotemporal sequential pattern of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) localization in the area of the yellow lupine AZ, which is a place of flower detachment. In this study, we performed analyses of AZ following treatment with an inhibitor of polar auxin transport (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA)). Once we applied TIBA directly onto the AZ, we observed a strong response as demonstrated by enhanced flower abscission. To elucidate the molecular events caused by the inhibition of auxin movement, we divided the AZ into the distal and proximal part. TIBA triggered the formation of the IAA gradient between these two parts. The AZ-marker genes, which encode the downstream molecular components of the inflorescence deficient in abscission (IDA)-signaling system executing the abscission, were expressed in the distal part. The accumulation of IAA in the proximal area accelerated the biosynthesis of abscisic acid and ethylene (stimulators of flower separation), which was also reflected at the transcriptional level. Accumulated IAA up-regulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification mechanisms. Collectively, we provide new information regarding auxin-regulated processes operating in specific areas of the AZ.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a common degenerative disease of the central nervous system concerning a progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons. While 5%-10% of patients are diagnosed with the inherited form of the disease, the vast majority of patients suffer from the less characterized sporadic form of ALS (sALS). As the wobbler mouse and the ALS show striking similarities in view of phenotypical attributes, the mouse is rated as an animal model for the disease. Recent investigations show the importance of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its producing enzyme nicotinic acid mononucleotide transferase 2 (Nmnat2) for neurodegeneration as well as for the preservation of health of the neuronal cells. Furthermore, it is newly determined that these molecules show significant downregulations in the spinal cord of wobbler mice in the stable phase of disease development. Here, we were able to prove a positive benefit on affected motor neurons from an additional NAD+ supply as well as an increase in the Nmnat2 level through caffeine treatment in cells in vitro. In addition, first assumptions about the importance of endogenous and exogenous factors that have an influence on the wellbeing of motor nerve cells in the model of ALS can be considered.Flavonoids are known for their antiradical capacity, and this ability is strongly structure-dependent. In this research, the activity of flavones and flavonols in a water solvent was studied with the density functional theory methods. These included examination of flavonoids' molecular and radical structures with natural bonding orbitals analysis, spin density analysis and frontier molecular orbitals theory. Calculations of determinants were performed specific, for the three possible mechanisms of action-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), electron transfer-proton transfer (ETPT) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET); and the unspecific-reorganization enthalpy (RE) and hydrogen abstraction enthalpy (HAE). Intramolecular hydrogen bonding, catechol moiety activity and the probability of electron density swap between rings were all established. Hydrogen bonding seems to be much more important than the conjugation effect, because some structures tends to form more intramolecular hydrogen bonds instead of being completely planar. The very first hydrogen abstraction mechanism in a water solvent is SPLET, and the most privileged abstraction site, indicated by HAE, can be associated with the C3 hydroxyl group of flavonols and C4' hydroxyl group of flavones. For the catechol moiety, an intramolecular reorganization to an o-benzoquinone-like structure occurs, and the ETPT is favored as the second abstraction mechanism.Epigenetic research has rapidly evolved into a dynamic field of genome biology. Chromatin regulation has been proved to be an essential aspect for all genomic processes, including DNA repair. Chromatin structure is modified by enzymes and factors that deposit, erase, and interact with epigenetic marks such as DNA and histone modifications, as well as by complexes that remodel nucleosomes. Smad inhibitor In this review we discuss recent advances on how the chromatin state is modulated during this multi-step process of damage recognition, signaling, and repair. Moreover, we examine how chromatin is regulated when different pathways of DNA repair are utilized. Furthermore, we review additional modes of regulation of DNA repair, such as through the role of global and localized chromatin states in maintaining expression of DNA repair genes, as well as through the activity of epigenetic enzymes on non-nucleosome substrates. Finally, we discuss current and future applications of the mechanistic interplays between chromatin regulation and DNA repair in the context cancer treatment.
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