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The identification of primary product ions specific to regions of substitution provides an additional tool for the identification of the location of substitution to the core fentanyl structure, which ultimately will assist toxicologists and seized drug analysts in the identification of emerging FRCs. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Air leakage is a common complication after pulmonary resection, which is usually caused by direct lung damage during surgery. Herein, we describe a case in which a pulmonary cyst developed rapidly in the right lower lobe and ruptured 10 days after right upper lobectomy. A 49-year-old man, who was a heavy smoker, underwent thoracoscopic right upper lobectomy for primary lung cancer. No air leakage was observed postoperatively, and the chest drain tube was removed on postoperative day 1. Although his postoperative course was uneventful for more than a week, extensive subcutaneous emphysema developed unexpectedly on postoperative day 10. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a large pulmonary cyst in the right lower lobe that was not present before the right upper lobectomy. Surgery was performed on postoperative day 13, and it revealed a large thick-walled pulmonary cyst in the right lower lobe. The cyst was filled with blood clots, and air leaks were observed inside it, suggesting that the dissection of the pulmonary parenchyma caused its development. The cyst wall was sutured together with the pulmonary parenchyma, and no air leakage was subsequently observed. KEY POINTS Significant findings of the study In patients with fragile pulmonary tissue, the pulmonary parenchyma may become dissociated after pulmonary resection and induce rapid development of a pulmonary cyst. selleck chemicals Risk factors for pulmonary cyst development include upper lobectomy and emphysema. Pulmonary cysts are often formed in the lower lobe. What this study adds In patients with pulmonary emphysema post-upper lobectomy, the fragility of the pulmonary parenchyma and hyperinflation of the remaining lung may cause dissection of the pulmonary parenchyma, resulting in massive air leakage. © 2020 The Authors. Thoracic Cancer published by China Lung Oncology Group and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.Growth hormone (GH), an endogenous peptide regulating anabolism and lipolysis in humans, is known to be abused by the athletes to improve their performances. Despite the development of two distinct screening methods, few positive cases have been reported by the anti-doping authorities, probably due to the GH quick turnover and the masking effects of age, ethnicity and sex. Apart from growth regulation, GH is known to affect several metabolic pathways in humans including ketosis, amino-acids uptake and proteins breakdown. It is reasonable to imagine to observe its markers of effects through the leading tool on metabolism study, metabolomics. In this proof-of-concept study, a cohort of well-trained volunteers has been split in two equal groups and administered with micro-doses of EPO or EPO + GH every second day for two weeks. Urine and plasma samples have been collected before, during and after the treatment and analyzed using metabolomics and lipidomics approaches. The results show that, applying a direct discriminant analysis on the treated groups, it is possible to distinguish the treatments, and to use this difference to classify them correctly. High intragroup variability is observed, due to the subject-specific effect of the hormones. Through time 0 centering the data, a longitudinally tracking of the group was performed and higher difference was observed between the groups, including a perfect classification of the samples before and after the treatments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids cause hypercoagulability, but it is unknown if they counteract clopidogrel's antiplatelet effects. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Determine the effects of clopidogrel and prednisone on platelet function. ANIMALS Twenty-four healthy dogs. METHODS Double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Platelet function was evaluated using a platelet function analyzer and impedance aggregometry (days 0, 14, and 28) for dogs treated with placebo, clopidogrel (2-3 mg/kg/d), prednisone (2 mg/kg/d), or prednisone with clopidogrel PO for 28 days. Results were categorized as nonresponder versus responder (platelet function analyzer), and inadequate, ideal, or excessive response (aggregometry). Results were compared using mixed model, split-plot repeated measures analysis of variance and generalized estimating equation proportional odds models. P less then  .05 was considered significant. RESULTS Closure times differed by treatment (F [3, 20] = 10.5; P  less then .001), time (F [2, 40] = 14.3; P less then  .001), and treatment-by-time (F [6, 40] = 3.4; P = .01). Area under the curve (AUC) differed by treatment (F [3, 20] = 19.6; P  less then .001), time (F [2, 40] = 35.4; P less then  .001), and treatment-by-time (F [6, 40] = 13.5; P  less then .001). Based on closure times, 5/6 dogs each in the clopidogrel and prednisone/clopidogrel groups were responders. All dogs in the prednisone/clopidogrel group were overcontrolled based on AUC (days 14 and 28), whereas 5/6 (day 14) and 2/6 (day 28) dogs treated with clopidogrel were overcontrolled. Compared to clopidogrel, dogs receiving prednisone/clopidogrel were 11 times (P = .03) more likely to have an excessive response. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Administration of clopidogrel/prednisone increases platelet dysfunction in healthy dogs. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.In the present work, a novel database of drug compounds and a rapid screening method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry were developed and applied in the screening and identification of targeted and non-targeted antihypertensive adulterants in dietary supplements and herbal medicines. The established screening database includes retention time, exact mass, fragments, isotopic pattern and MS2 spectra library of the target compounds and thus provides automated search and identification of the targets with a single injection. The non-targeted compounds in the samples are identified through the full MS scan and MS2 data by using the Chemspider database and the data analysis in XCalibur, MassFrontier and TraceFinder software. In addition, this method possesses excellent quantitative capacity. The novel approach was applied to 65 batches of samples that are claimed as "all-natural" products having the antihypertensive function, among which 9 batches were found to be positive.
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