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Dendrogeomorphic dating of past landslide events is a valuable tool for the assessment of landslide activity, providing unique data for the analysis of triggers or the modelling of landslide behaviour in the future. Unfortunately, tree-ring-based methods as well as dating approaches suffer from some limitations. One of the less frequently addressed limits of dendrogeomorphic analysis concerns the changing capacity of trees to record landslide events in their tree-ring series with increasing age. This study uses, to date, the most extensive database of tree-ring series (1736) of 868 disturbed individuals of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. subjected to 20 landslides in the Outer Wester Carpathians for the assessment of their age-dependent sensitivity. The distribution of the total number of 1485 growth disturbances (reaction wood - RW and abrupt growth suppression - GS) throughout all decades of tree life shows evidence of distinct changes in the capacity for trees to record landslide signals with increasing age. The occurrence of RW dominated in the juvenile decades of tree life and then increased again in the 9th decade. The frequency of GS gradually increased and culminated during the 7th and 8th decades. The two intensities of growth disturbance (strong and moderate) expressed temporally balanced ratios, suggesting an effect of disturbance intensity rather than changing tree age. The important factors controlling age-dependent tree sensitivity to landslide movements based on the results seem to be changing stem elasticity, decreasing annual increment rates, root system development and increasing tree body weight. Moreover, this study demonstrates that landslide type (e.g., rigid block vs. plastic flow-like landslides) and bedrock geology distinctly modify age-dependent sensitivity that should be taken into account during the sampling of trees for landslide dating.Riparian ecosystem services along higher-order streams and connected tributaries may change over time as disturbances continuously increase, resulting in diverse deterioration of buffer zones. How habitat, plant cover, regeneration, erosion, and exotic parameters (riparian health conditions) change within huge dams and reservoirs worldwide is an unanswered question. We used multivariate statistical techniques to assess changes in riparian health parameters affected by disturbances identified in 304 transects within the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir, China, and associated tributaries. GSK2795039 in vitro Kruskal-Wallis tests (p less then 0.01) revealed high diversity in habitat, plant cover, regeneration, erosion, and overall stream condition. There was also notable variance relating to exotic and pressure parameters. The critical variables of riparian health indicators and stress factors identified by principal component analysis explained 58.40% and 74.6% (in the main waterway) and 53.23% and 71.0% (in the tributaries) of the total variance. Among riparian health indicators, one habitat parameter (riparian vegetation width) in the main waterway and one regeneration parameter (tree size classes) in tributaries contributed greatly, along with other specified parameters. Furthermore, stress factors such as farming systems, land-use types, and pollutant activity variables had the highest impact on these water bodies. In comparison, counting stress factors alone showed more deterioration in the main waterway with a range of (r = -0.527- 0.493), as determined using Pearson correlation (p less then 0.05). Furthermore, after indexing, the parameters exhibited weaker coefficient values in tributaries, where exotic correlated negatively with other indexed values. These findings are relevant for managers of massive dam and reservoir ecosystems seeking to mitigate environmental and socioeconomic losses.Iron (Fe) is a micronutrient and plays an important role in regulating ocean primary production and consequently changing oceanic CO2 uptake. However, approaches for high-resolution of Fe records in marine environment has been a great challenge. In this study, we report for the first time an annual Fe record on black coral organic skeleton from the northern South China Sea (SCS) as an archive to study the environmental change during the past century. In situ micro-Raman, synchrotron micro X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (μ-XANES) and synchrotron micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) were applied to investigate the Fe speciation and the radial Fe profile in black coral. The preliminary results from micro-Raman and synchrotron micro XANES analysis demonstrated that Fe in black coral was mainly combined with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) as tris-DOPA-Fe complex. Such spatial coordination structure of complexation makes Fe have high affinity with dopa in black coral. Furthermore, elevated Fe concentration in Fe profile recorded on synchrotron μ-XRF spectra with 2.5 μm resolution corresponded well to the exploitation history of the adjacent onshore Tiandu Iron Mine (Sanya, China) from 1939 to 1960. Other distinct Fe peak coincides with the war activities in 1970s. The findings presented in this work indicate that the high-resolution iron record with low annual growth rate (~17.8 μm year-1) of black coral may serve as a proxy of marine environmental record.Sources contributing to specific concentration of microplastics and fibers are still not completely understood. This study aimed at assessing the concentrations of microplastics (2-5000 μm) and fibers (18-5667 μm) in three areas of distinct influences in the Douro river, Porto, Portugal (i) a countryside area; (ii) a wastewater treatment effluent release zone; and (iii) an area in proximity to a boat dock and maintenance station. Nile Red staining coupled with microscopy allowed the identification of small microplastics (≥2 μm) with a median concentration of the three areas of 231 MP L-1. Most were fragments (69%). Sizes less then 40 μm were the most abundant (84%). Highest concentrations of microplastics were found near the boat dock/maintenance and lowest in the countryside area. Fibers were mostly natural (non-synthetic, 63%). Highest concentrations of fibers were found in the area influenced by the wastewater effluent, especially of synthetic fibers, and lowest in the countryside area. Concentration of all fibers and synthetic fibers was 46 F L-1 and 6 F L-1, respectively.
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