Notes

Non-invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody combination along with expanding articulating interbody spacers substantially enhances radiographic outcomes compared to fixed interbody spacers.
Thus, high clinical suspicion, accurate diagnosis and management are the fundamentals for good prognosis.
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is characterized by erythematous inflammatory patches that mostly appear in the sebaceous gland-rich skin areas. In addition to the key role of
species in SD, its contribution to other fungal microbiota has been recently addressed in the literature. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to identify and determine the fungal species associated with the incidence of SD.

For the purpose of the study, fungal microbiome in scaling samples were collected from SD lesions and then analyzed based on the DNA sequencing of ITS regions.

In addition to
, several fungal species were detected in the samples collected from the SD lesions. According to the results, 15.5%, 13.3%, and 6.7% of the isolates were identified as
and
, respectively.

Based on the obtained results,
was the most prevalent non-
species isolated from SD lesions. Our results provided basic information about a specific fungal population accounting for the incidence of SD.
Based on the obtained results, C. parapsilosis was the most prevalent non-Malassezia species isolated from SD lesions. Our results provided basic information about a specific fungal population accounting for the incidence of SD.
The potential for the invasion of the central nervous system by
species is underscored by the presence of this organism in the blood of immunocompromised individuals. Early adoption of sensitive methods for the diagnosis of
species will reduce the high morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Regarding this, the aim of the present research was to detect cryptococcal antigen among HIV1- infected individuals in north-central Nigeria.

This prospective cross-sectional study was carried out on HIV-1 infected individuals accessing care at three health facilities in north-central Nigeria between November 2014 and March 2017. For the purpose of the study, blood samples were collected from 300 HIV1-infected individuals within the age group of 3-65 years. The CD4+ T-cell count was determined, and the samples were analyzed for cryptococcal antigenemia using the methods of lateral flow assay (LFA) and culture technique.

antigen was detected in 19.67% (59/300) of the patients, and only 25.4% (15/59) of the LFA-positive samples showed
species growth on Sabouraud dextrose agar after 3 days. Furthermore, fungal growth was observed in one of the specimens, which was LFA negative. Additionally, 30 of the 59 LFA-positive patients had cryptococcal antigen in their serum with a CD4+ T-cell count of < 150 cells/mm
.

As the findings of the present study indicated, infection with
species is a problem among HIV-infected patients in the region under study. Therefore, all HIV patients, especially those with a CD4+ T-cell count of < 150 cells/mm
, referring to the HAART clinics in Nigeria, should be screened for cryptococcal antigen.
As the findings of the present study indicated, infection with Cryptococcus species is a problem among HIV-infected patients in the region under study. Therefore, all HIV patients, especially those with a CD4+ T-cell count of less then 150 cells/mm3, referring to the HAART clinics in Nigeria, should be screened for cryptococcal antigen.
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised children. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the incidence of IFIs in pediatric patients with underlying hematologic malignancies and determine the patient characteristics, predisposing factors, diagnosis, treatment efficacy, and outcome of IFIs.

For the purpose of the study, a retrospective analysis was performed on cases with proven and probable fungal infections from January 2001 to December 2016 (16 years).

During this period, 297 children with hematologic malignancies were admitted to the 2nd Pediatric Department of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, and 24 cases of IFIs were registered. CD437 in vivo The most common underlying diseases were acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; n=19,79%), followed by acute myeloid leukemia (AML; n=4, 17%) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL; n=1,4%). The crude incidence rates of IFIs in ALL, AML, and NHL were 10.5%, 18.2%, and 2.8% respectively. Based on the results, 25%
The present study was conducted to investigate the inhibitory effects of
essential oil (EO) against
gene expression in relation to fungal growth and some important virulence factors in
.

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of
EO against
was determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards InstituteM27-A4 method at a concentration range of 20-1280 μg/ml. Furthermore, the expression of
gene was studied at the 0.5× MIC concentration of
EO using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The proteinase and phospholipase activities, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), and cell membrane ergosterol (CME) content of
were also assessed at the 0.5× MIC concentration of the plant EO using the approved methods. In addition, fluconazole (FLC) was used as a control antifungal drug.

The results indicated that the MIC and minimum fungicidalconcentration of
EO for
growth were 320 and 640 μg/ml, respectively. The expression of fungal
at an mRNA level and ergosterol content of yeast cells were significantly decreased by both
EO (640 μg/ml) and FLC (2 μg/ml). The proteinase and phospholipase activities were also reduced in
EO by 49.82% and 53.26%, respectively, while they were inhibited in FLC-treated cultures by 27.72% and 34.67%, respectively. Furthermore, the CSH was inhibited in EO- and FLC-treated cultures by 12.75% and 20.80%, respectively.

Our findings revealed that
EO can be considered a potential natural compound in the development of an efficient antifungal agent against
.
Our findings revealed that C. carvi EO can be considered a potential natural compound in the development of an efficient antifungal agent against C. albicans.
Pestalotioid fungi are ubiquitous environmental molds that have received considerable attention in recent times not only because of their role as a plant pathogen but also owing to their high frequency of retrieval from human diseases. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to investigate onychomycosis caused by pestalotioid fungi, commonly considered important phytopathogens causing grey blight disease in
.

A total of 122 agriculture workers were enrolled from Assam, India. Direct microscopic examination was carried out using 40% KOH to determine the presence of any fungal element. Further processing of the specimens for the isolation of fungi was performed using the standard protocol. In addition, the keratinolytic potential of the isolates was evaluated by means of the in vitro hair perforation test.

Out of 103 culture-positive samples, non-dermatophyte and dermatophyte molds constituted 82.52% (n=85) and 6.79% (n=7) of the samples, followed by yeasts (n=1, 0.9%) and sterile hyphae (n=10, 9.
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