Notes

Influence with the blood glucose levels degree on the progression of retinopathy of prematurity throughout very untimely young children.
Rice has been a staple food for more than half of the global population. Different parts of rice grains contain different amounts of macro- and micro-nutrients. Polished white rice, which is the main form of rice consumption, mainly contains starch, however, the bran and germ, which are removed during polishing, contain large amounts of micronutrients and bioactive compounds. To engineer nutritionally superior rice varieties, it is imperative to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of different nutrients in different parts of the rice grain. Keeping this in mind, in this review, we have performed a comprehensive literature review to put together all the recent findings regarding the spatio-temporal distribution of all the important micronutrients in different cell-layers/tissues of developing seeds and mature seed grains. Furthermore, we have overviewed the underlying cell-layer specific possible regulatory mechanism responsible for the loading/partitioning for each of the micronutrients into specific tissue types. Most of the nutrient filling occurs between 7 and 18 days after fertilization (DAF) through the dorsal vascular bundle and the aleurone layer. During the last few years, spatio-temporal distribution of various minerals and the role of their transporters has been studied in great detail. However, with regard to vitamins and other bioactive compounds, such studies are still very limited. Distribution of minerals in the grain is mainly regulated by the distribution of their ligands and transporters, whereas the accumulation of various vitamins is mainly metabolic enzyme activity. Collective knowledge discussed here in this niche area would help to design new studies to improve the micronutrient content located in the inner part of the seed.Despite the known benefits of the use of contraceptives, notably birth spacing, the use of contraceptives in Nepal has remained stagnant since 2006. The purpose of this article is to assess the knowledge and use of contraceptives, and to ascertain preceding interbirth spacing in an eastern plain district of Nepal. A cross-sectional survey was completed on 406 multiparous women aged 18 to 49 years to collect data via structured questionnaires in Jhapa district of Nepal. The majority of the participants (96.1%) had knowledge of at least one modern contraceptive injectable and oral contraceptives were the most common. Female sterilization was the most commonly used method of contraception. The median birth spacing was 41.5 months, and the majority of participants (79.1%) had preceding interbirth spacing greater than 24 months. The average preferred birth spacing was 51.3 months, and about half of the participants said that 60 months was the appropriate birth spacing. Though knowledge of contraceptives use is almost universal in this population, the use is still low. The preferred birth spacing is longer than the actual birth spacing, signifying an unmet need of contraception.Despite the burden of injury associated with motorcycle crashes and injuries in Vietnam, there are no studies investigating health-related quality of life (HRQoL) following a nonfatal motorcycle crash in this country. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the change of HRQoL preinjury, and at 6 and 12 months postinjury motorcycle crash in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Outcome measures were Physical Component Scores (PCS) and Mental Component Scores (MCS) of the Short Form 12 Health Survey (SF-12) version 2 and the EQ-5D. Multilevel mixed models were undertaken. A total of 352 hospitalized motorcyclists were followed-up. Compared with preinjury, the SF-12 PCS reduced by 6.61 points (95% confidence interval [CI] = -8.21 to -5.03) and 5.12 points (95% CI = -6.74 to -3.51) at 12 months postinjury. MCS also reduced by 4.23 points (95% CI = -5.99 to -2.47) at 6 months but increased by 1.29 points (95% CI = -0.49 to 3.08) at 12 months postinjury. The EQ-5D Visual Analogue Scale score decreased by 10.41 points (95% CI = -11.49 to -9.33) at 6 months and 6.48 points (95% CI = -7.58 to -5.38) at 12 months postinjury. The HRQoL among injured motorcycle riders improved between 6 and 12 months after injury but had not returned to the levels before injury.Objective To review the efficacy and safety of onasemnogene abeparvovec-xioi (Zolgensma) in the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Data Sources An English-language literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Ovid (1946 to December 2019) was completed using the terms onasemnogene, AVXS-101, and spinal muscular atrophy. Manufacturer prescribing information, article bibliographies, and data from ClinicalTrials.gov were incorporated in the reviewed data. Study Selection/Data Extraction All studies registered on ClinicalTrials.gov were incorporated in the reviewed data. Data Synthesis Onasemnogene is the first agent for SMA utilizing gene therapy to directly provide survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene to produce SMN protein. Four publications of 1 clinical trial, 1 comparison study of treatment effects, and 1 combination therapy case series have been published. Immunology activator Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice Onasemnogene is a one time dose approved by the Food and Drug Administration for SMA patients less then 2 years old who possess mutations in both copies of the SMN1 gene. Conclusion Onasemnogene appears to be an efficacious therapy for younger pediatric patients with SMA type 1. Concerns include drug cost and potential liver toxicity. Long-term benefits and risks have not been determined.Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often accompanied by sleep problems in children. Sleep hygiene is defined as a set of behavioural, environmental, or cognitive modifications to improve sleep, and is routinely clinically utilised as first-line treatment for insomnia in ADHD. The objective of this systematic review of the literature is to evaluate the effectiveness of sleep hygiene interventions for sleep difficulties in children with ADHD. Sixteen relevant articles met the inclusion criteria, involving 1,469 participants, with a mean age of 9.6 years, across 6 countries. Fifteen studies found that sleep hygiene interventions were effective in improving sleep, while one did not show any significant improvement. Definite conclusions on the effectiveness of the interventions are difficult to draw due to the limited number of studies and a high risk of bias. There is growing evidence to support the use of sleep hygiene interventions to improve sleep quality in children with ADHD and sleep disturbance.
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