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However, CAR-Vγ9Vδ2 T cells had shorter persistence, which could be improved with the addition of IL-2 to maintain the function of CAR-Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with consecutive stimulation of tumor cells. Using a xenograft mouse model, we further showed that CAR-Vγ9Vδ2 T cells more effectively suppressed tumor growth in vivo than Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Therefore, MUC1-Tn CAR-modified Vγ9Vδ2 T cells may represent a novel, promising ready-to-use product for cancer allogeneic immunotherapy.Radiation therapy is an effective non-surgical means to achieve local control for various solid tumors including colorectal cancer (CRC), but metastasis and recurrences after conventional radiotherapy remains a major obstacle in clinical practice, and the knowledge concerning the changes of metastatic potential after heavy ion radiation is still limited. This study investigated how radiation, including γ- and carbon ion radiation, would change the metastatic capacity of two CRC cell lines, HCT116 and DLD-1, and examined the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that the migration and invasion was enhanced in DLD-1 cells but impaired in HCT116 cells in vitro and in vivo after radiation of γ-rays or carbons, and radiation induced epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in DLD-1 cells but mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET) in HCT116 cells. The expression of snail, a key inducer of EMT, was significantly enhanced by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) in both cell lines, suggesting the modulation of snail was alike in the two CRC cell lines. However, radiation inactivated GSK3β through stimulating the phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3β at Ser473 and Ser9 in DLD-1 cells respectively, but activated GSK3β by decreasing the expression of pAKTSer473 and pGSK3βSer9 or increasing the phosphorylation of GSK3β at Tyr216 in HCT116 cells. Therefore, the above inverted motility changes was due to the opposite modulation of AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway by radiation, which was further verified in other type of cancer cell lines including MCF-7, U251 and A549 cells. Moreover, it was found that annexin A2 (ANAX2) directly bound with GSK3β and acted as a negative regulator of GSK3β upon radiation. Knocking-down ANXA2 gene reversed the enhanced migration of the irradiated DLD-1 cells and strengthened radiation-impaired migration of HCT116 cells. Collectively, this study reveals that the change of cellular motility after radiation is independent of radiation type but is correlated with the inherent of cells.A malignant serous effusion is one of the most common complications of advanced tumors, indicating a poor prognosis and having a profound impact on diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. It is of great significance to identify benign and malignant effusions quickly and accurately. Both cellular and non-cellular components in the effusion can be employed for detection, diagnostic methods are necessary to obtain a definite diagnosis and more relevant information such as tumor classification. In this review, we focus on the comparison of several widespread cytological preparation methods, enrichment technology of exfoliated cells, and present tests for serous effusions, mainly including routine and special stains, immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and molecular analysis.Both cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) are belong to biliary tract carcinomas (BTCs) with a high degree of malignancy and a poor prognosis. Therefore, an in vitro model is urgently needed to increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of BTCs. Tumor organoids are a novel three-dimensional (3D) culture technology that utilizes samples from removed tumors. Therefore, it can maintain the histological features, expression profiles and marker expression of the parental tissues. Recently, with the widespread use of this technique, increasing research is beginning to use organoid to study the cellular metabolism, pathogenesis, chemotherapy resistance, and new therapy methods of BTCs. NADPHtetrasodiumsalt In this review, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of BTC organoids compared with other cell culture techniques. In addition, the construction methods, research directions and current limitations of BTC organoids will be described.Macropinocytosis is a form of endocytosis which provides an effective way for non-selective uptakes of extracellular proteins, liquids, and particles. The endocytic process is initiated by the activation of the growth factors signaling pathways. After activation of the biochemical signal, the cell starts internalizing extracellular solutes and nutrients into the irregular endocytic vesicles, known as macropinosomes that deliver them into the lysosomes for degradation. Macropinocytosis plays an important role in the nutritional supply of cancer cells. Due to the rapid expansion of cancer cells and the abnormal vascular microenvironment, cancer cells are usually deprived of oxygen and nutrients. Therefore, they must transform their metabolism to survive and grow in this harsh microenvironment. To satisfy their energy needs, cancer cells enhance the activity of macropinocytosis. Therefore, this metabolic adaptation that is used by cancer cells can be exploited to develop new targeted cancer therapies. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanism that actuates the process of macropinocytosis in a variety of cancers, and the novel anti-cancer therapeutics in targeting macropinocytosis.As a special type of noncoding RNA, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have vital roles during the development of human cancers and may be novel predictors or therapeutic targets for improving the management of patients with cancer. DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 5 (DGCR5) is a prominent tumor-associated lncRNA, exerting tumor suppressor or oncogenic roles in various cancers. Previous studies have reported that DGCR5 has low expression in most types of cancers but high expression in triple-negative breast cancer, gallbladder cancer, and lung cancer. And DGCR5 expression is related to many hallmarks of cancer types, including cell proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis, stemness, and therapeutic responsiveness. Additionally, the pivotal molecules involved in DGCR5 regulation of signaling pathways are attributed to cancer hallmarks related to the pathogenesis of different types of malignant tumors. Herein, we discuss the DGCR5 expression pattern in various types of tumor tissues and relationships between DGCR5 expression and immune cell infiltration and immune purity.
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