Notes

Microbial diversity in a sub carbonate building in the serpentinizing hydrothermal system of the Prony These kinds of (New Caledonia) over a 6-year period of time.
Ensuring universal access to sanitation in households is essential for public health.

The objective of the study was to assess the availability of sanitary latrine at the household level and its use at the individual level in a rural area and factors associated with availability and use of sanitary latrine.

This cross-sectional study was conducted from December, 2016 to January 2017 (mention month and year) at the rural Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Ballabgarh, in district Faridabad, Haryana, North India. A total of 16,896 households were studied. House-to-house visits were made by trained health workers who conducted interviews regarding availability and pattern of use of sanitary latrine in the household. The health worker also observed the type of sanitation facility, its functional status, availability of water, and hand-washing facility.

Individual household latrine (IHL) was present in 87.3% of the households. An improved sanitation facility was available in 84.8% of the households, while 15.2% of the households had unimproved or no sanitation facility. Hand-washing facility along with improved sanitation was present in 70.4% of the households. Nonavailability of latrine among socially disadvantaged communities (scheduled caste households) was significantly higher (19.4%) as compared to other castes (10.4%) (P < 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of households below poverty line (28.9%) lacked IHL as compared to those above the poverty line (11.0%) (P < 0.001). Nearly 11% of the individuals reported open defecation.

The availability of sanitary latrines in the study area was high. Nonavailability of in-house sanitary latrine was higher among economically poor households and those belonging to socially disadvantaged communities.
The availability of sanitary latrines in the study area was high. Nonavailability of in-house sanitary latrine was higher among economically poor households and those belonging to socially disadvantaged communities.
Understanding the stress related to work among community health workers (CHWs) might be beneficial to plan intercessions to draw in and spur health-care professionals to toil in remote and disadvantaged region as well as to guarantee the quality of care.

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, level, and sources of occupational stress among CHWs and coping strategies adopted by the CHWs.

This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2019 among 347 CHWs in 16 Primary Health Centres of Mangalore taluk, Karnataka. Occupational Stress Index and the Brief COPE scale were used to assess the stress level and coping strategy, respectively. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used. The P = 0.05 was considered as significant.

The prevalence of occupational stress was found to be 40.5%. Stressors such as under participation, powerlessness, low status, and unprofitability were significantly associated with occupational stress. CHWs used various coping strategies such as self-distraction, active coping, denial, substance use, behavioral disengagement, venting, positive reframing, humor, and self-blame to manage their stress.

Stress intercession programs could be conducted on a regular interval to make CHWs "stress-free". Higher stress level might impede the performance of the workers, and hence addressing this is necessary. Selleck CAY10444 Similarly, positive coping strategies, such as active coping, should be promoted to manage stress.
Stress intercession programs could be conducted on a regular interval to make CHWs "stress-free". Higher stress level might impede the performance of the workers, and hence addressing this is necessary. Similarly, positive coping strategies, such as active coping, should be promoted to manage stress.
Village health sanitation and nutrition day (VHSND) was conceived under the National Rural Health Mission to deliver maternal and child health and nutrition services at the village level in the anganwadi center. Multiple challenges, including a lack of convergence of frontline workers, were affecting service delivery at VHSND. As a public-private partnership Piramal Foundation proposed to revive the concept of VHSND.

The present study was aimed to demonstrate a model of VHSND to provide primary care related to maternal and child health and nutrition at the village level in 25 aspirational districts across seven states of India.

The descriptive study was undertaken as a pilot phase. Of the purposively identified 506 VHSND sites, monitoring data on delivery of six basic primary care services at VHSND, collected as part of routine operations were compared for 229 sites for the month of September 2018 (baseline) and January 2019 (endline).

In model sites, there was the increased availability of drinking water and functional toilets; a significant improvement of availability of equipment for providing antenatal care services, immunization, and growth monitoring. However, the supply of drugs at these sites did not show a statistically significant change. There was also a significant improvement in the engagement of the Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committee (VHSNC) in the villages of the model VHSND sites.

The model demonstrated the significant changes with effective supervision and participation of VHSNC members, demand generation activities complemented with improved supplies and widening range of services at the VHSND are required to be undertaken.
The model demonstrated the significant changes with effective supervision and participation of VHSNC members, demand generation activities complemented with improved supplies and widening range of services at the VHSND are required to be undertaken.
Outpatient department (OPD) table surfaces frequently touched by patients and health-care workers in hospitals harbor potential pathogens and may act as source of infectious agents.

This study aimed to determine the pattern of bacterial contamination of surfaces of OPD tables in relation to existing cleaning/disinfection practices.

The descriptive study was conducted during July 2018-September 2018. A total of 128 swabs were collected from 32 OPD table surfaces immediately after cleaning or disinfection and then at 30 min, 2 h, and 4 h interval after cleaning or disinfection. Type and concentration of cleaner or disinfectant, number of cleaning strokes on table, and time of last washing of cleaning cloth with detergent were also noted from each location. Isolation, identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates were performed by standard microbiological techniques.

A total of 337 bacterial isolates were recovered from 126 samples. Multidrug resistant Staphylococci, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli were isolated.
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