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Efficiency and Durability regarding Pure-Water-Fed Anion Change Tissue layer Electrolyzers Utilizing Base line Components as well as Operation.
The influence of nutrients and oxygen on streptomycetes metabolism, new fed-batch fermentation strategies, innovative precursor supplementation approaches, and specific bioreactor design as well as biotechnological strategies coupled with metabolic engineering and genetic tools for strain improvement is described. The use of whole, free, and immobilized cells on unusual supports was also reported for bioconversion processes of drugs. The most outstanding thirty investigations published in the last 8 years are here reported while future trends and perspectives of biotechnological research in the field have been illustrated. KEY POINTS • Updated Streptomyces biotechnological processes for drug production are reported. • Innovative approaches for Streptomyces-based biotransformation of drugs are reviewed. • News about fermentation and genome systems to enhance secondary metabolite production.Microorganisms isolated from various traditionally fermented food products prepared in households without commercial starter cultures are designated as natural isolates. In addition, this term is also used for microorganisms collected from various natural habitats or products (silage, soil, manure, plant and animal material, etc.) that do not contain any commercial starters or bacterial formulations. They are characterized by unique traits that are the result of the selective pressure of environmental conditions, as well as interactions with other organisms. The synthesis of antimicrobial molecules, including bacteriocins, is an evolutionary advantage and an adaptive feature that sets them apart from other microorganisms from a common environment. This review aims to underline the knowledge of bacteriocins produced by natural isolates, with a particular emphasis on the most common location of their genes and operons, plasmids, and the importance of the relationship between the plasmidome and the adaptive potential of the isolate. Applications of bacteriocins, ranging from natural food preservatives to supplements and drugs in pharmacology and medicine, will also be addressed. The latest challenges faced by researchers in isolating new natural isolates with desired characteristics will be discussed, as well as the production of new antimicrobials, nearly one century since the first discovery of colicins in 1925. KEY POINTS • Natural bacterial isolates harbor unique properties shaped by diverse interactions. • Horizontal gene transfer enables constant engineering of new antimicrobials. • Fermented food products are important source of bacteriocin-producing natural isolates.Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase B (RpiB) was first identified in the pentose phosphate pathway responsible for the inter-conversion of ribose-5-phosphate and ribulose-5-phosphate. Though there are seldom key enzymes in central carbon metabolic system developed as useful biocatalysts, RpiB with the advantages of wide substrate scope and high stereoselectivity has become a potential biotechnological tool to fulfill the demand of rare sugars currently. In this review, the pivotal roles of RpiB in carbon metabolism are summarized, and their sequence identity and structural similarity are discussed. Substrate binding and catalytic mechanisms are illustrated to provide solid foundations for enzyme engineering. Interesting differences in origin, physiological function, structure, and catalytic mechanism between RpiB and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A are introduced. Moreover, enzyme engineering efforts for rare sugar production are stressed, and prospects of future development are concluded briefly in the viewpoint of biocatalysis. Aided by the progresses of structural and computational biology, the application of RpiB will be promoted greatly in the preparation of valuable molecules. KEY POINTS • Detailed illustration of RpiB's vital function in central carbon metabolism. • Potential of RpiB in sequence, substrate scope, and mechanism for application. • Enzyme engineering efforts to promote RpiB in the preparation of rare sugars.Immunological and molecular advances have modernized diagnostic testing for many diseases. Although interferon gamma-release and polymerase chain reaction assays have been developed to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, purified protein derivative (PPD)-based tuberculin skin testing (TST) remains the most widely used method. Indeed, the TST is a simple and cost-effective tool that can be easily applied for widespread screening for Mtb infection. However, the lack of specificity has been a limitation of these tests, and, more recently, supply issues have arisen. Building upon the skin tests that historically have been used within TB and leprosy control programs, we discuss recent developments using modern technologies for improving mycobacterial skin testing as well as practical advantages inherent to the technique. Furthermore, we outline how this knowledge could be applied to develop similar tests that could benefit diagnostic strategies for other infections. KEY POINTS • Skin testing provides a significantly cheaper alternative to most modern technologies. • Skin tests provide a lab-independent diagnostic strategy that can be widely administered. • Diseases for which T cell responses are more robust or durable than antibody responses are accessible for skin testing.A large diversity of yeasts can be involved in alcoholic fermentation; however, Starmerella bacillaris strains have gained great attention due to their relevant and particular characteristics. S. bacillaris is commonly known as an osmotolerant, acidogenic, psychrotolerant, and fructophilic yeast. Most strains of this species are high producers of glycerol and show low ethanol production rates, being highlighted as promising alternatives to the manufacture of low-alcohol beverages. The increased production of high alcohols, such as benzyl alcohol that has antifungal and antibacterial properties, highlights S. Linifanib bacillaris potential as a biocontrol agent. After harvest, antifungal yeasts become part of the must microbiota and may also improve the fermentation process. Moreover, during the fermentation, S. bacillaris releases important molecules with biotechnological properties, such as mannoproteins and glutathione. Considering the potential biotechnological properties of S. bacillaris strains, this review presents an overview of recent trends concerning the application of S.
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