Notes

Intra-cellular lifetime associated with Candidatus Liberibacter asisticus on the inside psyllid stomach tissues.
76, 0.147 and 0.109 for each unit increase in environmental regulation of surrounding cities, respectively. In fact, cities with loose regulation become the pollution shelters. The spatial spillover effects offset the improvement effects of local environmental regulations on the air quality. Furthermore, the comparison amongst three urban agglomerations showed that the spatial spillover effects of PM2.5 concentration in BTH and YRD are higher than that of PRD. This is attributed to differences in industrial structure, population density, economic development, FDI and geographical location. Therefore, the spatial spillover effects should be taken into consideration and joint regulation should be strengthened to address air pollution issues in urban aggregations.Woodchip bioreactors are a practical, low-cost technology for reducing nitrate (NO3) loads discharged from agriculture. Traditional methods of quantifying their performance in the field mostly rely on low-frequency, time-based (weekly to monthly sampling interval) or flow-weighted sample collection at the inlet and outlet, creating uncertainty in their performance and design by providing incomplete information on flow and water chemistry. To address this uncertainty, two field bioreactors were monitored in the US and New Zealand using high-frequency, multipoint sampling for in situ monitoring of NO3-N concentrations. High-frequency monitoring (sub hourly interval) at the inlet and outlet of both bioreactors revealed significant variability in volumetric removal rates and percent reduction, with percent reduction varying by up to 25 percentage points within a single flow event. Time series of inlet and outlet NO3 showed significant lag in peak concentrations of 1-3 days due to high hydraulic residence time, where calculations from instantaneous measurements produced erroneous estimates of performance and misleading relationships between residence time and removal. Internal porewater sampling wells showed differences in NO3 concentration between shallow and deep zones, and "hot spot" zones where peak NO3 removal co-occurred with dissolved oxygen depletion and dissolved organic carbon production. selleckchem Tracking NO3 movement through the profile showed preferential flow occurring with slower flow in deeper woodchips, and slower flow further from the most direct flowpath from inlet to outlet. High-frequency, in situ data on inlet and outlet time series and internal porewater solute profiles of this initial work highlight several key areas for future research.China is facing great water and energy pressure due to industrialization, urbanization, population growth and environmental change. China's explosive economic development has come at a steep cost in terms of natural resource exploitation and environmental problems. These unintended negative consequences are partly the result of a narrow single-sector management approach to natural resources, which often caused conflicts and low efficiency of related policies. Although the nexus approach is beneficial for optimization of natural resource utilization and development, the question of whether it can be applied in policy and practice is determined by various factors. The science-policy interface that stresses the political and social contexts provides a useful perspective for understanding the process of the nexus approach, from the scientific domain to policy. Combining criteria of good governance and an effective science-policy interface, suggestions for promoting good energy-water nexus governance are put forward, including popularization of scientific knowledge about the nexus in the political and social fields, collaborative governance of the nexus, and accelerating good governance of the whole of society.Heavy metals (HM) pollution is a major limitation to the application of composting products. Therefore, mitigating the toxicity of HM has attracted wide attention during composting. The toxicity of HM is mainly acted on microorganisms during composting, and the toxicity of different HM speciation is obviously various. There are many pathways to change the speciation to reduce the toxicity during composting. Therefore, in this review, the speciation distribution, toxicity mechanism and remediation ways of HM during composting were discussed in order to better solve HM pollution. The microbial remediation technology holds enormous potential to remediate for HM without damaging composting, however, it is hard to extract HM. The innovation of this review was to outline microbial remediation strategies for HM during composting based on two mechanisms of microbial remediation extracellular adsorption and intracellular sequestration, to solve the problem how to extract microbial agents from the compost. Ultimately, a novel theoretical method of microbial remediation was proposed to remove HM from the compost.Phreatophytic trees such as willows and poplars have a large capacity for extracting shallow groundwater, as evidenced by diurnal water table fluctuations corresponding to intensified transpiration during the day. As a result, they have been employed for phytoremediation of shallow contaminated groundwater. In this study, the water extraction (i.e. pumping) capacity of mature willows (Salix nigra) to capture shallow polluted groundwater in Belle Park, the site of a former landfill in Kingston, Ontario (Canada), was assessed using continuous field measurements of sap flow and water table levels associated with a single willow tree, combined with a transient numerical model (FEFLOW). On an annual basis, the sapflow averaged 2.3 m3d-1, with 70% of the cumulative sap flow occurring during the active growing season (May to September). The calibration showed a good fit (0.91 less then R2 less then 0.97) between measured groundwater levels from three shallow wells installed near the willow and the calculated water table level fluctuations, thus confirming that the water extraction rate based on sap flow data for the willow was appropriate. At stand level, additional modelling suggests that 3.4-4.7 ha of mature willows (i.e. between 7.8% and 10.6% of the Park area), could compensate for the current water volumes extracted by the municipality using a conventional pump and treat system. The results of this study indicate that willows can play a significant role in capturing contaminated groundwater underlying Belle Park, and potentially at other sites where removal of contaminants from shallow aquifers is desired.
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