Notes

Cytomegalovirus seropositivity is associated with reduced chance of several sclerosis-a presymptomatic case-control study.
ts a critical link between chronic gastritis and intestinalizing metaplasia that may serve as a potential therapeutic target for preneoplastic conditions of the GI tract.
Our aim was to provide a consensus statement for the best approaches for diagnosis and management of patients with suspected enteropathy, but negative results from serologic tests for celiac disease (seronegative enteropathy).

We collected findings from published cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies of diagnosis and case series and descriptive studies of management of patients believed to have celiac disease or other enteropathies unrelated to gluten, but negative results from serologic tests. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 1 Review histologic findings with experienced pathologists who specialize in gastroenterology. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 2 Serologic tests are essential for an accurate diagnosis of celiac disease. For patients with suspected celiac disease but negative results from serologic tests, total IgA level should be measured; patients should also be tested for anti-tissue transglutaminase, IgA against deamidated gliadin peptide, and endomysial antibody (IgA). Patients with total IgA levels belowresults from serologic tests.
The enteric nervous system (ENS) coordinates essential intestinal functions through the concerted action of diverse enteric neurons (ENs). However, integrated molecular knowledge of EN subtypes is lacking. To compare human and mouse ENs, we transcriptionally profiled healthy ENS from adult humans and mice. We aimed to identify transcripts marking discrete neuron subtypes and visualize conserved EN subtypes for humans and mice in multiple bowel regions.

Human myenteric ganglia and adjacent smooth muscle were isolated by laser-capture microdissection for RNA sequencing. Ganglia-specific transcriptional profiles were identified by computationally subtracting muscle gene signatures. Nuclei from mouse myenteric neurons were isolated and subjected to single-nucleus RNA sequencing, totaling more than 4 billion reads and 25,208 neurons. Neuronal subtypes were defined using mouse single-nucleus RNA sequencing data. Comparative informatics between human andmouse data sets identified shared EN subtype markers, whichcy among some EN subtypes, but we note multiple species differences that should be carefully considered when relating findings from mouse ENS research to human gastrointestinal studies.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis causes loss of hepatic CD4
T cells and promotes tumor growth. MPI-0479605 The liver is the most common site of distant metastases from a variety of malignancies, many of which respond to immunotherapy. We investigated the effects of steatohepatitis on the efficacy of immunotherapeutic agents against liver tumors in mice.

Steatohepatitis was induced by feeding C57BL/6NCrl or BALB/c AnNCr mice a methionine and choline-deficient diet or a choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined diet. Mice were given intrahepatic or subcutaneous injections of B16 melanoma and CT26 colon cancer cells, followed by intravenous injections of M30-RNA vaccine (M30) or intraperitoneal injections of an antibody against OX40 (aOX40) on days 3, 7, and 10 after injection of the tumor cells. We measured tumor growth and analyzed immune cells in tumor tissues by flow cytometry. Mice were given N-acetylcysteine to prevent loss of CD4
T cells from liver.

Administration of M30 and aOX40 inhibited growth of tumors from immunotherapeutic agents, such as M30 and aOX40, to inhibit tumor liver growth by reducing tumor infiltration by CD4+ T cells and effector memory cells. N-acetylcysteine restores T-cell numbers in tumors and increases the ability of M30 and aOX40 to slow tumor growth in mice.
Functional bowel disorders (FBDs) are the most common gastrointestinal problems managed by physicians. We aimed to assess the burden of chronic symptomatic FBDs on ambulatory care delivery in the United States and evaluate patterns of treatment.

Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were used to estimate annual rates and associated costs of ambulatory visits for symptomatic irritable bowel syndrome, chronic functional abdominal pain, constipation, or diarrhea. The weighted proportion of visits associated with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic (stress/mental health, exercise, diet counseling) interventions were calculated, and predictors of treatment strategy were evaluated in multivariable multinomial logistic regression.

From 2007-2015, approximately 36.9 million (95% CI, 31.4-42.4) weighted visits in patients of non-federally employed physicians for chronic symptomatic FBDs were sampled. There was an annual weighted average of 2.7 million (95% CI, 2.3-3.2) visits for symptomatic irritan opportunity to improve comprehensive FBD management because fewer than 1 in 5 ambulatory visits include nonpharmacologic treatment strategies.During the COVID-19 pandemic there has been a reduction in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction. This manuscript presents the analysis of Google Trends meta-data and shows a marked spike in search volume for chest pain that is strongly correlated with COVID-19 case numbers in the United States. This raises a concern that fear of contracting COVID-19 may be leading patients to self-triage using internet searches.
Major cardiac complications have been described in SARS-CoV-2 patients. The study of cardiac troponin' kinetic release is the recommended approach to differentiate acute from chronic injury, in order to clinically manage different cardiac diseases.

To investigate whether serial measurements of high sensitivity troponin I (hs-cTnI) might provide additional information in SARS-CoV-2 patients's clinical management.

113 consecutive patients suffering from microbiology proven SARS-CoV2-infection have been studied. Hs-cTnI has been measured in lithium-heparin plasma samples using STAT High Sensitive Troponin I (Architect
2000, Abbott Diagnostics), being 99th percentiles 16 and 34ng/L for females and males respectively.

In 69 out of 113 patients hs-cTnI has been measured, showing in 31 (45%) values higher than 99th percentiles in at least one occasion. In 50 patients (72%) a kinetic evaluation (at least 2 measurements during 24h) has been carried out. Patients were subdivided into five groups 1 (n=44) and 2 (n=19) no measurement of hs-cTnI or no monitoring respectively; 3 (n=15) no significant variations during monitoring; 4 (n=8) and 5 (n=27) significant variations with values persistently below or sometimes higher than 99th percentiles, respectively.
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