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Short-term isolation among seniors: Contextual variances in addition to their moderation by simply sexual category as well as race/ethnicity.
Opposing messages emphasised individual responsibility for health and the unfairness of taxation both for organisations and the public. Conclusions Sugar and SSB taxes received considerable media attention between 2016 and 2019. All newspapers covered arguments in support of and opposition to taxation. Health impacts of excess sugar and the role of the soft drink industry in reducing sugar consumption were prevalent themes, suggesting a joined-up health advocacy approach. Industry arguments were more varied, suggesting a less collaborative argument. Further research should investigate how other media channels portray taxes such as the SDIL.Objective To examine the temporal trends in ambulatory antibiotic prescription fill rates and to determine the influences of age, gender, and location. Design Population-based cohort study. Setting Ambulatory setting in South Carolina. Patients Patients ≤64 years of age from January 2012 to December 2017. Methods Aggregated pharmacy claims data for oral antibiotic prescriptions were utilized to estimate community antibiotic prescription rates. Poisson regression or Student t tests were used to examine overall temporal trend in antibiotic prescription rates, seasonal variation, and the trends across age group, gender, and rural versus urban location. Results Overall antibiotic prescription rates decrease from 1,127 to 897 per 1,000 person years (P less then .001). The decrease was more noticeable in persons aged less then 18 years (26%) and 18-39 years (20%) than in those aged 40-64 years (5%; P less then .001 for all). Prescription rates were higher among females than males in all age groups, although this finding was the most pronounced in group aged 18-39 years (1,232 vs 585 per 1,000 person years; P less then .0001). Annualized antibiotic prescription rates were higher during the winter months (December-March) than the rest of the year (1,145 vs 885 per 1,000 person years; P less then .0001), and rates were higher in rural areas than in urban areas (1,032 vs 941 per 1,000 person years; P less then .0001). Conclusions The decline in ambulatory antibiotic prescription rates is encouraging. Ongoing ambulatory antibiotic stewardship efforts across South Carolina should focus on older adults, rural areas, and during the winter season when antibiotic prescriptions peak.Objective This study examined the effect of daily life reading activity on the risk of cognitive decline and whether the effect differs regarding education levels. Design A longitudinal study with 6-, 10-, and 14-year follow-up. Setting Face-to-face interviews with structured questionnaires at home. Participants A representative sample of 1,962 Taiwanese community-dwelling older persons aged 64 and above, followed up in four waves of surveys over 14 years. Measurements Baseline reading frequencies were measured based on a scale of leisure activity. The Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire was used to measure cognitive performance. We performed logistic regression to assess associations between baseline reading and later cognitive decline. Interaction terms between reading and education were to compare the reading effects on cognitive decline at different education levels. Results After adjusting for covariates, those with higher reading frequencies (≥1 time a week) were less likely to have cognitive decline at 6-year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.34-0.86), 10-year (AOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.92), and 14-year (AOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.34-0.86); in a 14-year follow-up, a reduced risk of cognitive decline was observed among older people with higher reading frequencies versus lower ones at all educational levels. Conclusions Reading was protective of cognitive function in later life. Frequent reading activities were associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline for older adults at all levels of education in the long term.Obesity is associated with an increased risk of various diseases and mortality. Although nearly 50 % of adults have been reported trying to lose weight, the prevalence of obesity has increased. One factor that hinders weight loss-induced decrease in obesity prevalence is weight regain. Although behavioural, psychological and physiological factors associated with weight regain have been reviewed, the information regarding the relationship between weight regain and genetics has not been previously summarised. In this paper, we comprehensively review the association between genetic polymorphisms and weight regain in adults and children with obesity after weight loss. Based on this information, identification of genetic polymorphism in patients who undergo weight loss intervention might be used to estimate their risks of weight regain. Additionally, the genetic-based risk estimation may be used as a guide for physicians and dietitians to provide each of their patients with the most appropriate strategies for weight loss and weight maintenance.Objective Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) occur frequently in pediatric inpatients, and they are associated with increased morbidity and cost. Few studies have investigated ambulatory CAUTIs, despite at-risk children utilizing home urinary catheterization. SM-102 research buy This retrospective cohort and case-control study determined incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of pediatric patients with ambulatory CAUTI. Design Broad electronic queries identified potential patients with ambulatory urinary catheters, and direct chart review confirmed catheters and adjudicated whether ambulatory CAUTI occurred. CAUTI definitions included clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). Our matched case-control analysis assessed risk factors. Setting Five urban, academic medical centers, part of the New York City Clinical Data Research Network. Patients Potential patients were age less then 22 years who were seen between October 2010 and September 2015. Results In total, 3,598 eligible patients were identified; 359 of these used ambulatory catheterization (representing186,616 ambulatory catheter days). Of these, 63 patients (18%) experienced 95 ambulatory CAUTIs. The overall ambulatory CAUTI incidence was 0.51 infections per 1,000 catheter days (1.35 for indwelling catheters and 0.47 for CIC; incidence rate ratio, 2.88). Patients with nonprivate medical insurance (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-6.3) were significantly more likely to have ambulatory CAUTIs in bivariate models but not multivariable models. Also, 45% of ambulatory CAUTI resulted in hospitalization (median duration, 3 days); 5% resulted in intensive care admission; 47% underwent imaging; and 88% were treated with antibiotics. Conclusions Pediatric ambulatory CAUTIs occur in 18% of patients with catheters; they are associated with morbidity and healthcare utilization. Ambulatory indwelling catheter CAUTI incidence exceeded national inpatient incidence. Future quality improvement research to reduce these harmful infections is warranted.
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