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he American Society for Nutrition 2020.Vigilance deficits account for a substantial number of accidents and errors. Current techniques to detect vigilance impairment measure only the most severe level evident in eyelid closure and falling asleep, which is often too late to avoid an accident or error. The present study sought to identify ocular biometrics of intermediate impairment of vigilance and develop a new technique that could detect a range of deficits in vigilant attention (VA). Sixteen healthy adults performed well-validated Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) for tracking vigilance attention while undergoing simultaneous recording of eye metrics every 2 hours during 38 hours of continuous wakefulness. A novel marker was found that measured VA when the eyes were open-the prevalence of microsaccades. Notably, the prevalence of microsaccades decreased in response to sleep deprivation and time-on-task. In addition, a novel algorithm for detecting multilevel VA was developed, which estimated performance on the PVT by integrating the novel marker with other eye-related indices. The novel algorithm also tracked changes in intermediate level of VA (specific reaction times in the PVT, i.e. 300-500 ms) during prolonged time-on-task and sleep deprivation, which had not been tracked previously by conventional techniques. The implication of the findings is that this novel algorithm, named "eye-metrical estimation version of the PVT PVT-E," can be used to reduce human-error-related accidents caused by vigilance impairment even when its level is intermediate. © Sleep Research Society 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [email protected] Rapid detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) enables appropriate monitoring and treatment. We synthesized available evidence to compare the performance of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and PCR tests for the detection of STEC. METHODS We searched published and gray literature for studies of STEC EIA and/or PCR diagnostic test accuracy relative to reference standards including at least one nucleic acid amplification test. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed quality with the second version of the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool. Bivariate random effects models were used to meta-analyze the clinical sensitivity and specificity of commercial EIA and PCR STEC diagnostic tests, and summary receiver operator characteristic curves were constructed. We evaluated the certainty of evidence with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. RESULTS We identified 43 articles reflecting 25 260 specimens. Meta-analysis of EIA and PCR accuracy included 25 and 22 articles, respectively. STEC EIA pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.681 (95% CI, 0.571-0.773; very low certainty of evidence) and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.998-1.00; moderate certainty of evidence), respectively. STEC PCR pooled sensitivity and specificity were 1.00 (95% CI, 0.904-1.00; low certainty of evidence) and 0.999 (95% CI, 0.997-0.999; low certainty of evidence), respectively. Certainty of evidence was downgraded because of high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS PCR tests to identify the presence of STEC are more sensitive than EIA tests, with no meaningful loss of specificity. However, given the low certainty of evidence, our results may overestimate the difference in performance. © American Association for Clinical Chemistry 2020. Nutlin-3 cost All rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected] Many clinical decisions depend on estimating patient risk of clinical outcomes by interpreting test results relative to reference intervals, but standard application of reference intervals suffers from two major limitations that reduce the accuracy of clinical decisions (1) each test result is assessed separately relative to a univariate reference interval, ignoring the rich pathophysiologic information in multivariate relationships, and (2) reference intervals are intended to reflect a population's biological characteristics and are not calibrated for outcome prediction. METHODS We developed a combined reference region (CRR), derived CRRs for some pairs of complete blood count (CBC) indices (RBC, MCH, RDW, WBC, PLT), and assessed whether the CRR could enhance the univariate reference interval's prediction of a general clinical outcome, 5-year mortality risk (MR). RESULTS The CRR significantly improved MR estimation for 21/21 patient subsets defined by current univariate reference intervals. The CRR identified individuals with >2-fold increase in MR in many cases and uniformly improved the accuracy for all five pairs of tests considered. Overall, the 95% CRR identified individuals with a >7× increase in 5-year MR. CONCLUSIONS The CRR enhances the accuracy of the prediction of 5-year MR relative to current univariate reference intervals. The CRR generalizes to higher numbers of tests or biomarkers, as well as to clinical outcomes more specific than MR, and may provide a general way to use existing data to enhance the accuracy and precision of clinical decisions. © American Association for Clinical Chemistry 2020. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected] Although cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and troponin T (cTnT) form a complex in the human myocardium and bind to thin filaments in the sarcomere, cTnI often reaches higher concentrations and returns to normal concentrations faster than cTnT in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS We compared the overall clearance of cTnT and cTnI in rats and in patients with heart failure and examined the release of cTnT and cTnI from damaged human cardiac tissue in vitro. RESULTS Ground rat heart tissue was injected into the quadriceps muscle in rats to simulate myocardial damage with a defined onset. cTnT and cTnI peaked at the same time after injection. cTnI returned to baseline concentrations after 54 h, compared with 168 h for cTnT. There was no difference in the rate of clearance of solubilized cTnT or cTnI after intravenous or intramuscular injection. Renal clearance of cTnT and cTnI was similar in 7 heart failure patients. cTnI was degraded and released faster and reached higher concentrations than cTnT when human cardiac tissue was incubated in 37°C plasma.
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