Notes

ARCGHR Neurons Get a grip on Muscle tissue Glucose Usage.
To determine whether childhood intermittent exotropia (IXT) affects distance divergence and performance in block-building tasks within a virtual reality (VR) environment.

Thirty-nine children with IXT, aged 6-12 years, who underwent muscle surgery and 37 normal controls were enrolled. Children were instructed to watch the target moving away and perform a block-building task while fitted with a VR head-mounted display equipped with eye- and hand-movement tracking systems. The change in inter-ocular distance with binocular distance viewing, time to stack five cube blocks of different sizes in order, and distance disparities between the largest and farthest cubes were assessed. All children were evaluated at baseline and 3-month time points.

The patients with IXT exhibited a larger distance divergence than did controls (p = 0.024), which was associated with greater distance angle of deviation and poorer distance control (r = 0.350, p = 0.001 and r = 0.349, p = 0.004). At baseline, the patients with IXT showed larger distance disparities in the block-building task than did controls in terms of the horizontal, vertical, and 3-dimensional (3-D) measurements (all ps < 0.050). Larger horizontal disparity was associated with greater distance angle of deviation (r = 0.383, p = 0.037). Three months after surgery, the horizontal and 3-D disparities in the patients with IXT improved significantly and were not comparably different compared with controls.

These preliminary findings suggest that VR-based block-building task may be useful in testing possible deficits in visuo-motor skills associated with childhood IXT.
These preliminary findings suggest that VR-based block-building task may be useful in testing possible deficits in visuo-motor skills associated with childhood IXT.
To determine whether a purpose-built glare tester, in combination with new glare-specific questions, can better assess glaucoma patients' experience of glare and visual disability than visual acuity (VA) or visual fields alone.

Consecutive patients attending for visual fields in a single glaucoma clinic from 03/06/2019-01/11/2019 underwent VA assessment using a Brightness Acuity Tester as a glare source, examination for media opacities, and completed the VFQ-25 with four additional glare-related questions. One hundred and sixteen eyes (64 patients) were included for analysis. The amount of disability glare (VA reduction due to glare) was compared according to presence/absence of media opacity and glaucoma severity. Subjective glare symptoms were compared with objective disability glare measurement using a Bland-Altman plot.

Patients with advanced-severe glaucoma had significantly worse disability glare than those with mild-moderate glaucoma. VA reduction due to glare from mild-moderate to acute-severe gween objective and subjective assessments.
Our aim is to compare foveal microvascular structure, foveal retinal thickness, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in children with a history of premature retinopathy (ROP) and healthy children. It is also evaluated whether microvascular structural changes in the course of ROP had resulted from treatment modalities of ROP or the disease itself.

This is a cross-sectional observational comparative study. Seventy-one children were analyzed in four different groups children treated with bevacizumab (18), or laser (19) for ROP; or spontaneously regressed disease (18) and non-premature healthy children (16). We analyzed foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and vessel densities (VDs) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) at foveal and parafoveal region with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). Foveal thickness was measured by cross-sectional OCT. Correlations between FAZ area, foveal VD, central foveal thickness (CFT), BCVA, gestational age (GA), and birth weight (BW) were evaluated.

After comparing of OCT-A parameters between all premature children (groups 1-3) and non-premature children (group 4), significant differences were found in VD-SCP (whole), VD-SCP (foveal), VD-SCP (parafoveal), CFT, and VD-DCP (foveal) (all p < 0.001). Significantly smaller FAZ area was also noted in ROP children. Higher foveal VD of SCP, DCP, and smaller FAZ area were significantly associated with lower GA and BW.

By using OCT-A, significant foveal microvascular anomalies were identified in children with ROP irrespective of the treatment option or spontaneous regression. There has been a correlation between microvascular anomalies, CFT, and a lower BCVA.
By using OCT-A, significant foveal microvascular anomalies were identified in children with ROP irrespective of the treatment option or spontaneous regression. There has been a correlation between microvascular anomalies, CFT, and a lower BCVA.
To examine structural changes in retinal layers over time in patients with non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and determine the layers that predict visual outcomes.

The optical coherence tomography parameters in NAION eyes at <2 months, 2-5 months, and 6-18 months from the onset were compared to age-matched normal controls. this website Generalised estimating equation analysis was used to analyse the changes over time and regression analysis was performed to identify the layer that could predict visual field outcomes.

Less than 2 months from the onset, the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) (p = 0.001) and macular outer nuclear layer (ONL) (p = 0.024) were significantly thicker in the NAION eyes than in the control eyes. The average peripapillary RNFL, macular RNFL, and ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) showed reductions in thickness within 2-5 months (peripapillary RNFL -19.8 μm/month, p < 0.001, macular RNFL -14.5 μm/month, p < 0.001, GCIPL -26.8 μm/month, p < 0.001). The change of thickness in temporal and superior peripapillary RNFL, GCIPL, inner nuclear layer (INL), and ONL by 2-5 months was associated with the final visual field results (p = 0.018, p < 0.001, p = 0.040, p = 0.020, and p = 0.002, respectively).

The peripapillary RNFL swelling initially observed started to decrease within 2-5 months along with macular RNFL and GCIPL thinning. The rate of thickness changes in the peripapillary RNFL, GCIPL, INL, and ONL by 2-5 months was associated with visual field outcomes.
The peripapillary RNFL swelling initially observed started to decrease within 2-5 months along with macular RNFL and GCIPL thinning. The rate of thickness changes in the peripapillary RNFL, GCIPL, INL, and ONL by 2-5 months was associated with visual field outcomes.
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