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Microsurgery involving Large Intracranial Aneurysm: An individual Organization Outcome Research.
On January 7, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a novel coronavirus to be the cause of unclear pneumonia cases in China.…. Copyright © 2020 Correa-Martínez et al.Hybribio's 14 High-risk HPV with 16/18 Genotyping Real-time PCR (HBRT-H14) is a human papillomavirus (HPV) assay with approval from the China Food and Drug Administration widely used in China. VALGENT (VALidation of HPV GENotyping Tests) is an established framework for evaluating HPV tests' clinical performance relative to validated comparators. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical accuracy of HBRT-H14 following international validation criteria. Within VALGENT-3, clinical performance of HBRT-H14 was compared with the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2), Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Linear Array) and Cobas 4800 HPV test (Cobas). VALGENT-3 comprised 1,300 consecutive samples and 300 abnormal cytological samples from the Slovenian cervical cancer screening program. Disease was defined as histologically confirmed CIN2+ and CIN3+, and two negative cytology results in a row were a proxy for non-disease. In the total study population, relative sensitivity and specificity of HBRT-H14 versus HC2 for detecting CIN2+ were 0.98 (95% CI, 0.94-1.03; p non-inferiority[ni] less then 0.01) and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.96-0.99; p ni = 0.78), respectively. Applying an optimized a posteriori cutoff, defined using Linear Array and Cobas as bridging tests, yielded relative values of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.94-1.03; p ni less then 0.01) and 1.01 (95% CI, 1.00-1.03; p ni less then 0.01), respectively. In conclusion, HBRT-H14 was as sensitive but less specific than HC2 for detecting cervical precancer at the predefined cutoff. However, HBRT-H14 fulfilled international accuracy criteria for cervical cancer screening when using an optimized cutoff and might be attractive in low-resource settings given its low cost. Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.Identification of biomarkers for latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and risk of progression to tuberculosis (TB) disease are needed to better identify individuals to target for preventive therapy, predict disease risk, and potentially predict preventive therapy efficacy. Our group developed Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry (MRM-MS) assays that detected M. tuberculosis (Mtb) peptides in serum extracellular vesicles from TB patients. We subsequently optimized this MRM-MS assay to selectively identify 40 M. tuberculosis peptides from 19 proteins that most commonly co-purify with serum vesicles of patients with TB. Here, we used this technology to evaluate if Mtb peptides can also be detected in individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI). Serum extracellular vesicles from 74 individuals presumed to have latent M. tuberculosis infection (LTBI) based on close contact with a household member with TB or a recent tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion were included in this study. AS2863619 research buy Twenty-nine samples from individuals with no evidence of TB infection by TST and no known exposure to TB were used as controls to establish a threshold to account for non-specific/background signal. We identified at least one of the 40 M. tuberculosis peptides in 70 (95%) individuals with LTBI. A single peptide from the Glutamine synthetase (GlnA1) enzyme was identified in 61/74 (82%) individuals with LTBI, suggesting peptides from M. tuberculosis proteins involved in nitrogen metabolism as candidates for pathogen specific biomarkers for detection of LTBI. The detection of M. tuberculosis peptides in serum extracellular vesicles from persons with LTBI represents a potential advance in the diagnosis of LTBI. Copyright © 2020 Mehaffy et al.One of the first signs of viral infection is body-wide aches and pain. Although this type of pain usually subsides, at the extreme, viral infections can induce painful neuropathies that can last for decades. Neither of these types of pain sensitization is well understood. A key part of the response to viral infection is production of interferons (IFNs), which then activate their specific receptors (IFNRs) resulting in downstream activation of cellular signaling and a variety of physiological responses. We sought to understand how type I IFNs (IFN-α and IFN-β) might act directly on nociceptors in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) to cause pain sensitization. We demonstrate that type I IFNRs are expressed in small/medium DRG neurons and that their activation produces neuronal hyper-excitability and mechanical pain in mice. Type I IFNs stimulate JAK/STAT signaling in DRG neurons but this does not apparently result in PKR-eIF2α activation that normally induces an anti-viral response by limiting mRNA translation. Rat known to produce nociceptor sensitization in inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions. Our work reveals a mechanism through which viral infections cause heightened pain sensitivity. Copyright © 2020 Barragán-Iglesias et al.In an uncertain external environment, the motor system may need to respond rapidly to an unexpected stimulus. Limb displacement causes muscle stretch; the corrective response has multiple activity bursts, which are suggested to originate from different parts of the neuraxis. The earliest response is so fast, it can only be produced by spinal circuits; this is followed by slower components thought to arise from primary motor cortex (M1) and other supraspinal areas. Spinal cord (SC) contributions to the slower components are rarely considered. To address this, we recorded neural activity in M1 and the cervical SC during a visuomotor tracking task, in which two female macaque monkeys moved their index finger against a resisting motor to track an on-screen target. Following the behavioral trial, an increase in motor torque rapidly returned the finger to its starting position (lever velocity >200°/s). Many cells responded to this passive mechanical perturbation (M1 148/211 cells, 70%; SC 67/119 cells, 56%). The neons, including those identified as projecting to motoneurons, responded to the perturbation; the timing of responses was compatible with a contribution to both short- and long-latency reflexes. We conclude that spinal circuits also contribute to long latency reflexes in distal and forearm muscles, alongside supraspinal regions such as the motor cortex and brainstem. Copyright © 2020 Soteropoulos and Baker.
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