Notes

Identification of the ergC gene linked to polyene drug sensitivity inside the Mucorales varieties Phycomyces blakesleeanus.
Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV; genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) is one of the most destructive viruses infecting sweet potatoes. In this study, we determined the complete genome sequence of an SPCSV-like isolate (CH) from Calystegia hederacea Wall. (Convolvulaceae), a weed species related to sweet potato, by combining next-generation sequencing and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Comparisons of genome sequences and organization confirmed the classification of CH as SPCSV. However, the sequences and phylogenetic data revealed substantial genetic divergence between CH and all known SPCSV isolates. The amino acid sequence identity between the putative proteins in SPCSV-CH and the corresponding proteins in other known SPCSV isolates in each case was less than 85.0%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that SPCSV-CH is separate from the groups of the known SPCSV isolates. Additionally, SPCSV-CH RNA1 lacks a p22 gene. A 10.1-kDa putative protein (p10) encoded by a sequence in the 5'-terminal region of RNA2 in SPCSV-CH is much larger than the corresponding protein in all known SPCSV isolates.To analyze the DNA virome associated with cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) trees showing virus-like symptoms in Brazil (BR) and Puerto Rico (PR) during 2018-2019, total DNA was isolated from symptomatic leaves and subjected to high-throughput Illumina sequencing. The assembled complete badnaviral genome sequences were verified by PCR amplification, cloning, and DNA sequencing. Based on pairwise distances and phylogenetic analysis, three badnaviral genomes were identified, and these viruses were found to be isolates of the previously described cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV). The three genomes were 7,520, 7,524, and 7,514 bp in size for the isolates CaMMV-BR321, CaMMV-BR322, and CaMMV-PR3, respectively. Each genome contained four predicted open reading frames ORFs 1-3 and ORFY. The CaMMV-PR3 isolate was identified as a probable recombinant, with a CaMMV-BR-like virus as the major parent.High-throughput sequencing (HTS) was used to construct the virome profile of an old grapevine-leafroll-diseased grapevine (Vitis vinifera). De novo assembly of HTS data showed a complex infection, including a virus sequence with similarity to viruses of the genus Badnavirus, family Caulimoviridae. The complete genome sequence of this virus consists of 7090 nucleotides and has four open reading frames (ORFs). Genome organisation and phylogenetic analysis identify this virus as a divergent variant of grapevine Roditis leaf discoloration-associated virus (GRLDaV) with 90% nucleotide sequence identity to isolate w4 (NC_027131). This is the first genome sequence of a South African variant of GRLDaV.Koala retrovirus (KoRV), a major pathogen of koalas, exists in both endogenous (KoRV-A) and exogenous forms (KoRV-B to J). However, the impact of infection with multiple subtypes is not well understood. Accordingly, in this study, we surveyed a representative sample from a Japanese zoo population to determine the infection status for three KoRV subtypes (KoRV-A, B, and C) and to investigate the proviral and RNA load profiles in animals with single- and multiple-subtype infections, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma. Six koalas were evaluated in the study; all were infected with KoRV-A, and two koalas were coinfected with non-A subtypes (KoRV-B and/or KoRV-C). The highest KoRV total RNA and viral loads in PBMCs and plasma were found in a koala infected with multiple subtypes (KoRV-A, -B and -C). The other koala infected with multiple subtypes (KoRV-A and B) showed the highest proviral PBMC load but the lowest RNA copy number in PBMC and plasma. PBMCs from this animal were cultured for further investigation, and KoRV RNA was detected in the cells and culture supernatant after 7 and/or 14 days. The koalas harboring multiple subtypes had a higher white blood cell count than those harboring only KoRV-A and were judged to be leukemic, and they subsequently died due to lymphoma. Accordingly, we conclude that coinfection with multiple KoRV subtypes may be linked to more-severe disease. In a sequence alignment, the detected KoRV-A env gene showed 100% sequence identity to the reference gene, whereas the KoRV-B and -C env genes varied from their reference sequences.The complete nucleotide sequences of a monopartite begomovirus and an associated alphasatellite and betasatellite isolated from naturally infected okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) plants originating from Jordan were determined. The sequences of the begomovirus, alphasatellite, and betasatellites were determined to be 2,764, 1,307, and 1,354 nucleotides in length, respectively. Sequence Demarcation Tool (SDT) and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the begomovirus isolate shared the highest (99.5-99.8%) nt sequence identity with isolates of cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGeV), a begomovirus found to exclusively infect cotton in Africa, and recently, in Asia and the Middle East. The DNA sequences of the alphasatellite and betasatellite exhibited the highest nt sequence identity (98.7-98.9% and 92.2-95.3%, respectively) to cotton leaf curl Gezira alphasatellite and cotton leaf curl Gezira betasatellite, respectively. This is the first identification of an African begomovirus, associated with DNA satellites, infecting okra in Jordan.
Yeast β-glucans are known for their immune-modulating effects; however, their effects on human upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to use a systematic review and meta-analysis approach to investigate the effects of yeast β-glucans for the prevention and treatment of URTIs in healthy subjects.

Databases including Pubmed, Web of Science, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched and 13 RCTs investigating the effects of yeast β-glucans on the incidence, duration, and severity of URTIs in healthy subjects were included.

The results showed that compared to the placebo group, yeast β-glucan could significantly reduce the incidence of URTIs (OR = 0.345, 95% CI = 0.192 to 0.620, p < 0.001), decrease the average number of URTI episodes (SMD =  - 0.315, 95% CI =  - 0.500 to  - 0.130, p < 0.05), and decrease the duration of URTIs (SMD =  - 0.312, 95% CI =  - 0.561 to  - 0.064, p < 0.001). selleck chemical Improved severity of symptoms was found in yeast β-glucan group compared to the placebo group in the majority of included studies.
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