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Cryo-EM buildings of LptB2FG and LptB2FGC through Klebsiella pneumoniae inside complicated using lipopolysaccharide.
abdominal organs. Therefore, these factors should be considered during SWS measurement in 2D SWE. This study provides basic data for further studies on 2D SWE on pathological conditions that may increase tissue stiffness in dogs.Removal of dissolved oxygen from algal photobioreactors is essential for high productivity in mass cultivation. Gas-permeating photobioreactor that uses hydrophobic membranes to permeate dissolved oxygen (pervaporation) from its body itself is an energy-efficient option for oxygen removal. This study comparably evaluated the characteristics of various commercial membranes and determined the criteria for the selection of suitable ones for the gas-permeating photobioreactors. It was found that oxygen permeability is limited not by that in the membrane but in the liquid boundary layer. Membrane thickness had a negative effect on membrane oxygen permeability, but the effect was as minor as less than 3% compared with the liquid boundary layer. Due to this characteristic, the lamination of non-woven fabric with the microporous film did not significantly decrease the overall oxygen transfer coefficient. The permeability in the liquid boundary layer had a significantly positive relationship with the hydrophobicity. The highest overall oxygen transfer coefficients in the water-to-air and water-to-water oxygen removal tests were 2.1 ± 0.03 × 10-5 and 1.39 ± 0.09 × 10-5 m s-1, respectively. These values were considered effective in the dissolved oxygen removal from high-density algal culture to prevent oxygen inhibition. Furthermore, hydrophobicity was found to have a significant relationship also with water entry pressure, which needs to be high to avoid culture liquid leakage. Therefore, these results suggested that a microporous membrane with strong hydrophobicity laminated with non-woven fabric would be suitable characteristics for gas-permeating photobioreactor.Rhamnolipids are biosurfactants produced by microorganisms with the potential to replace synthetic compounds with petrochemical origin. To promote industrial use of rhamnolipids, recombinant rhamnolipid production from sugars needs to be intensified. Since this remains challenging, the aim of the presented research is to utilize a multidisciplinary approach to take a step toward developing a sustainable rhamnolipid production process. Here, we developed expression cassettes for stable integration of the rhamnolipid biosynthesis genes into the genome outperformed plasmid-based expression systems. Furthermore, the genetic stability of the production strain was improved by using an inducible promoter. learn more To enhance rhamnolipid synthesis, energy- and/or carbon-consuming traits were removed mutants negative for the synthesis of the flagellar machinery or the storage polymer PHA showed increased production by 50%. Variation of time of induction resulted in an 18% increase in titers. A scale-up from shake flasks was carried out using a 1-L bioreactor. By recycling of the foam, biomass loss could be minimized and a rhamnolipid titer of up to 1.5 g/L was achieved without using mechanical foam destroyers or antifoaming agents. Subsequent liquid-liquid extraction was optimized by using a suitable minimal medium during fermentation to reduce undesired interphase formation. A technical-scale production process was designed and evaluated by a life-cycle assessment (LCA). Different process chains and their specific environmental impact were examined. It was found that next to biomass supply, the fermentation had the biggest environmental impact. The present work underlines the need for multidisciplinary approaches to address the challenges associated with achieving sustainable production of microbial secondary metabolites. The results are discussed in the context of the challenges of microbial biosurfactant production using hydrophilic substrates on an industrial scale.Gingiva has been identified as a minimally invasive source of multipotent progenitor cells (GPCs) for use in bone tissue engineering (BTE). To facilitate clinical translation, it is important to characterize GPCs in xeno-free cultures. Recent evidence indicates several advantages of three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) over conventional 2D monolayers. The present study aimed to characterize human GPCs in xeno-free 2D cultures, and to test their osteogenic potential in 3D cultures, in comparison to bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs). Primary GPCs and BMSCs were expanded in human platelet lysate (HPL) or fetal bovine serum (FBS) and characterized based on in vitro proliferation, immunophenotype and multi-lineage differentiation. Next, 3D spheroids of GPCs and BMSCs were formed via self-assembly and cultured in HPL. Expression of stemness- (SOX2, OCT4, NANOG) and osteogenesis-related markers (BMP2, RUNX2, OPN, OCN) was assessed at gene and protein levels in 3D and 2D cultures. The c, comparable to that of BMSCs. Xeno-free spheroid culture further enhances stemness- and osteogenesis-related gene expression, and cytokine secretion in GPCs, comparable to that of BMSCs.The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) constitutes one of the most important stabilizing tissues of the knee joint whose rapture is very prevalent. ACL reconstruction (ACLR) from a graft is a surgery which yields the best outcome. Taking into account the complicated nature of this operation and the high cost of experiments, finite element (FE) simulations can become a valuable tool for evaluating the surgery in a pre-clinical setting. The present study summarizes, for the first time, the current advancement in ACLR in both clinical and computational level. It also emphasizes on the material modeling and properties of the most popular grafts as well as modeling of different surgery techniques. It can be concluded that more effort is needed to be put toward more realistic simulation of the surgery, including also the use of two bundles for graft representation, graft pretension and artificial grafts. Furthermore, muscles and synovial fluid need to be included, while patellofemoral joint is an important bone that is rarely used. More realistic models are also required for soft tissues, as most articles used isotropic linear elastic models and springs. In summary, accurate and realistic FE analysis in conjunction with multidisciplinary collaboration could contribute to ACLR improvement provided that several important aspects are carefully considered.
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