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Contact with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Sprayed using Phospholipid-Based Polymeric Micelles Causes Kidney Transitory Biochemical along with Histopathological Modifications in Rats.
CONCLUSION The work of developing peace through health courses has been started before and it will continue until it completely becomes an accepted global course. Tween80 © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.BACKGROUND As two essential human rights, as well as pillars of sustainable development, health and peace are closely interrelated. Further, health and well-being are the focus of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3, while peace lies at the heart of SDG 16. This paper investigates the relationship between the three concepts of health, peace and sustainable development in the relevant literature. METHODS This is a qualitative study. Following the establishment of the construct of peace and health through consultation with three key informants (one health sociologists, one high-ranking diplomat, and one health policy maker), we conducted a scoping review of the literature, followed by purposefully obtained grey literature, i.e. UN and country reports. As a result, 30 documents, including journal articles, were identified. We used content analysis to extract themes and categorize them in line with the relevant SDGs. RESULTS Lack of peace has direct and indirect impact on health, as well as health workers, the civil society, and the whole community who have in turn a critical role in creating peace. Strong and resilient health systems are essential in reaching out to citizens during war, while achieving SDGs would be impossible if SDG 16 is compromised. Health and peace are interchangeable, and achieving either is impossible without the other. CONCLUSION Physicians and other human resources for health are the key actors in peaceful environment to attain health for all. In the absence of peace, the resilience of health system will be threatened and the hope for sustainable development may fade. © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.BACKGROUND War causes more death and disability than many major diseases. There are few studies in the context of the deleterious impact of war on fertility potential; therefore, in this study, we tried to review articles about the adverse effects of war on male/ female fertility potential. METHODS In this study, a total of 183 articles related to the effects of war on fertility potential were examined by a systematic search using known international medical databases. RESULTS Among these studies, there were limited studies on the effects of war on female infertility and most studies examined the effects of war on sperm parameters and male infertility. The physical and psychological trauma of war can increase the risk of infertility in men and women. Presence of reproductive system toxins in weapons, stressful periods of war and direct damage to the reproductive system can impair the fertility of men and women. The way war affects male fertility is not clear, but the higher degree of stress during wartime seems to play an important role. Using reproductive toxicants during the war also increases the risk of impairment in reproductive function in men. Some studies have shown the harmful effects of Sulfur mustard as a war chemical toxin especially on sperm quality and male infertility. Oxidative stress induced by free radicals is a major mechanism for the direct effects of Sulfur mustard on male infertility. CONCLUSION The study of past research suggests that exposure to war may be an independent risk factor for reproductive disorders and infertility in men. For female infertility, war leads to menstrual dysfunction. © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.BACKGROUND To describe the utilization and out-of-pocket (OOP) payments of war survivors receiving health care services and its determinants. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out by systematic random sampling at national level (n = 3079) on healthcare utilization in war survivors on their last received services. A validated questionnaire was used to gather the information of inpatient and outpatient healthcare services and OOP payment. The data were analyzed to indicate the determinants of health utilization and expenses. RESULTS Health care utilization was reported in 91.6% (n = 2822). The majority (82.5%) received one or two services in their last visits, mostly related to physician visits and medications (65.97%). Health care utilization was higher than general population annually, especially in physician visit (6.6 versus 4.89), medication (5.1 versus 3.6), and hospitalization (0.78 versus 0.15). About 20.2% (n = 599) of the study population paid out of their pocket for their last medical care on, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.BACKGROUND Childhood trauma exerts a significant effect on psychological life of people. It is a ubiquitous phenomenon. We face a social epidemic with serious consequences that shatter the life of survivors. Victimization in early years of life entraps the individuals in the victim-rescuer-abuser triangle. Many perpetrators and criminals have had history of childhood abuse. The main objective of this study was the assessment of patients with a history of child abuse who behaved in abusive manner in adulthood. METHODS By reviewing the files of 3694 patients referred to my outpatient private clinic, I tried to gather data to answer the questions related to this study including history of abuse, victimization, substance abuse, and the percent of patients who were involved in abusive behaviors in adulthood. RESULTS In total, 1075 patients reported a history of some abuse during childhood (29.10%). Of them, 19.44% (total = 209, 78 men and 131 women) behaved as an abuser for most of their life. The prevalence of substance abuse in people with history of abuse was 36.
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