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Pulmonary hydatid cyst disease is still a major problem in countries like South Africa (SA), where livestock farming is common. Hydatidosis has a variable clinical course depending on the size, location and complications of the cyst. For pulmonary cysts of any size, surgery remains the gold standard for treatment, with lung conservation surgery being the ideal.

To describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, surgical management, and surgical outcomes of paediatric pulmonary hydatid disease in children referred to the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital (IALCH) in KwaZulu-Natal Province, SA.

We retrospectively reviewed and analysed the medical records of 38 children between the ages of 0 and 18 years with pulmonary hydatid cysts, who were referred to the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery at IALCH and underwent surgical management between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2018. The medical records were evaluated for patients' demographics, clinical evaluatios such as enucleation of the cysts of any size are possible, safe, reliable and reproducible.
Primary lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer and of death due to cancer worldwide. The tumour node metastases staging for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) helps to prognosticate and plan for treatment. Most patients have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Primary lung malignancy was previously diagnosed mostly in older individuals.

The primary aim of this study was to determine whether younger age at presentation is a risk factor for more advanced disease. We defined younger age as <45 years.

This was a retrospective analytical study covering 5.5 years. The information was obtained from the lung cancer registry of all patients presented at our Division of Pulmonology weekly combined oncology meeting.

A total of 52 of 1 083 patients with lung malignancy were <45 years, and 48 of these had NSCLC. Adenocarcinoma was the predominant type (48%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (27%), NSCLC not otherwise specified (NOS; 21%) and large-cell carcinoma (4%). Overall, the majority of patients (98%) had advanced disease at presentation. However, there was no statistical difference compared with presenting stage in older patients (odds ratio 0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.034 - 1.874 and risk ratio 0.27 (95% CI (0.038 - 1.900)).

Primary lung malignancy remains a disease of the elderly. This study demonstrated that NSCLC tends to present in advanced stages in younger patients, although the difference was not statistically significant.
Primary lung malignancy remains a disease of the elderly. This study demonstrated that NSCLC tends to present in advanced stages in younger patients, although the difference was not statistically significant.
Despite the condition being a major public health concern, limited data are available regarding survival rates and the requirement for post-hospitalisation support of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in South Africa (SA).

To describe the clinical profile and in-hospital outcomes of patients with TBI at intensive care units (ICUs) of tertiary referral hospitals in the Free State Province, SA, between 2013 and 2017.

This retrospective descriptive study of patients with TBI was conducted at Pelonomi Tertiary and Universitas Academic Hospitals. Patients' demographic information and variables such as mechanism and type of injury, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) prior to ICU admission, neurosurgical intervention, duration of stay in ICU and hospital, GCS and final outcome at discharge were recorded.

The 138 patients included in the final data analysis had a median (range) age of 30.5 (13 - 70) years, with a male predominance of 82.6%. The median lengths of stay in ICU and hospital were 6 and 16 days, respectively. Outcomes data showed that 65.9% of patients survived until discharge from hospital. Of patients whose GCS could be determined at discharge, 52.8% were deceased, 7.9% were in a persistently vegetative state, 11.2% had severe and 13.5% moderate disability, and 14.6% had a good recovery.

TBI is associated with high mortality and morbidity. The lack of post-hospitalisation rehabilitation, and support for patients and their caregivers, requires urgent redress.
TBI is associated with high mortality and morbidity. The lack of post-hospitalisation rehabilitation, and support for patients and their caregivers, requires urgent redress.The impact of HIV in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has not been well established. It is uncertain if outcomes are better or worse in these patients compared with COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and other chronic diseases. The course and outcome is also unknown in HIV-positive patients who are virally suppressed on antiretroviral treatment (ART) compared with those who are treatment-naive. We present two HIV-positive cases with COVID-19 pneumonia - one virally suppressed and the other newly diagnosed. Both patients had favourable outcomes.Pulmonary hydatid disease is almost exclusively caused by the infestation of the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Humans are infected, accidentally, through the faeco-oral route by the ingestion of food and milk, contaminated by dog faeces containing the ova of parasites or direct contact with dogs. We describe an unusual cause of massive haemoptysis in a young male who had bilateral lung hydatid cysts as well as a large splenic hydatic cyst. He underwent bilateral thoracotomies for cyst excision for relief of haemoptysis.
Mastitis (inflammation of the breast) occurs in 10-20% of breastfeeding women. IA Different levels of the health service meet the needs of women in different ways, and treatment procedures vary at a local level. As maternity care evolves, with a greater need for efficiency, and the treatment for women is also changing. The purpose of the study is to investigate women's experiences of treatment for mastitis in the interface with the health service.

The study has a qualitative design. It was conducted in 2018 and included semi-structured interviews with 11 women living throughout Norway who received treatment for mastitis. The data material was analyzed using systematic text condensation.

The analysis resulted in three themes. The first theme was the interaction with healthcare personnel and related to being treated in a caring manner. The second concerned the women's experience of feeling overwhelmed by pain and having to depend on help. The third theme related to the hospital stay and the women's experiences of how random factors govern the treatment of the disease.
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