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Finally, genes involved in sulfur assimilation, the glutathione-ascorbate cycle, and various antioxidant systems were upregulated in the mutants, suggesting cascading responses to perturbed thioesterification in lignin biosynthesis. copyright, serif 2020 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.N-terminal (Nt) acetylation (NTA) is an ample and irreversible co-translational protein modification catalyzed by ribosome-associated Nt-acetyltransferases (NATs). NTA on specific proteins can act as a degradation signal (called an Ac/N-degron) for proteolysis in yeast and mammals. However, in plants, the biological relevance of NTA remains largely unexplored. In this study, we reveal that Arabidopsis thaliana SIGMA FACTOR-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (SIB1), a transcription co-regulator and a positive regulator of salicylic acid-primed cell death, undergoes an absolute NTA on the initiator methionine; Nt-acetyltransferase B (NatB) partly contributes to this modification. While NTA results in destabilization of certain target proteins, our genetic and biochemical analyses revealed that plant NatB-involved NTA instead renders SIB1 more stable. Given that the ubiquitin/proteasome system stimulates SIB1 degradation, it seems that the NTA-conferred stability ensures the timely expression of SIB1-dependent genes, mostly related to immune responses. Taking our findings together, here we report a non-canonical NTA-driven protein stabilization in land plants. copyright, serif 2020 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.Fish increase ventilation during hypoxia, a reflex termed the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). The HVR is an effective mechanism to increase O2 uptake, but at a high metabolic cost. Therefore, when hypoxia becomes severe enough, ventilation declines, as its benefit is diminished. The water oxygen partial pressure (PwO2) at which this decline occurs is expected to be near the critical PwO2 (Pcrit), the PwO2 at which O2 consumption begins to decline. Our results indicate that in zebrafish (Danio rerio), the relationship between peak HVR and Pcrit was dependent on developmental stage. Peak ventilation occurred at PwO2's higher than Pcrit in larvae, but at a PwO2 significantly lower than Pcrit in adults. Larval zebrafish use cutaneous respiration to a greater extent than branchial respiration and the cost of sustaining the HVR may outweigh the benefit, whereas adult zebrafish, which rely on branchial respiration, may benefit from using HVR at PwO2 below Pcrit. © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.Lactating mice increase food intake 4-5 fold, reaching an asymptote in late lactation. A key question is whether this asymptote reflects a physiological constraint, or a maternal investment strategy (a 'restraint'). We exposed lactating mice to periods of food restriction, hypothesizing that if the limit reflected restraint they would compensate by breaching the asymptote when refeeding. In contrast, if it was a constraint they would by definition be unable to increase their intake on refeeding days. Using isotope methods we found that during food restriction the females shut down milk production impacting offspring growth. During refeeding food intake and milk production rose again, but not significantly above unrestricted controls. Hypothalamic transcriptome profiling showed that following restriction lactating mice did not upregulate transcription of genes in the hunger signaling network, suggesting this may impose the constraint. These data provide strong evidence that asymptotic intake in lactation reflects a physiological/physical constraint, rather than restraint. Because hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (Npy) was upregulated under both states of restriction this suggests the constraint is not imposed by limits in the capacity to upregulate hunger signaling (the saturated neural capacity hypothesis). Understanding the genetic basis of the constraint will be a key future goal and will provide us additional information on the nature of the constraining factors on reproductive output, and their potential links to life history strategies. © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.Ants are expert navigators using multimodal information to navigate successfully. Here, we present the results of systematic studies of multimodal cue use in navigating wood ants, Formica rufa Ants learnt to navigate to a feeder that was defined by an olfactory cue (O), visual cue (V) and airflow (A) presented together. learn more When the feeder, olfactory cue and airflow were all placed at the centre of the visual cue (VOACentre), ants did not directly approach the learnt feeder when either the olfactory or visual cue was removed. This confirms that some form of cue binding has taken place. However, in a visually simpler task with the feeder located at the edge of the visual cue (VOAEdge), ants still approached the feeder directly when individual cue components were removed. Hence, cue binding is flexible and depends on the navigational context. In general, cues act additively in determining the ants' paths accuracy, i.e. the use of multiple cues increased navigation performance. Moreover, across different training conditions, we saw different motor patterns in response to different sensory cues. For instance, ants had more sinuous paths with more turns when they followed an odour plume but did not have any visual cues. Having visual information together with the odour enhanced performance and therefore positively impacted on plume following. Interestingly, path characteristics of ants from the different multimodal groups (VOACentre vs. VOAEdge) were different, suggesting that the observed flexibility in cue binding may be a result of ants' movement characteristics. © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.Recent widespread honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony loss is attributed to a variety of stressors including parasites, pathogens, pesticides, and poor nutrition. In principle, we can reduce stress-induced declines in colony health by either removing the stressor or increasing the bees' tolerance to the stressor. This latter option requires a better understanding than we currently have of how honey bees respond to stress. Here, we investigated how octopamine (OA), a stress-induced hormone that mediates invertebrate physiology and behavior, influences the health of young nurse-aged bees. Specifically, we asked whether OA induces abdominal lipid and hypopharyngeal gland (HG) degradation, two physiological traits of stressed nurse bees. Nurse-aged workers were treated topically with OA and their abdominal lipid content, HG size, and HG autophagic gene expression were measured. Hemolymph lipid titer was measured to determine whether tissue degradation was associated with the release of nutrients from these tissues into the hemolymph.
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