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Identifying distinct air diffusivity by means of sort My spouse and i pneumocyte-like cellular levels making use of microfluidic device.
Then, considering the governing equations with constitutive relationships between the stress and the strain for the modelling of nonlinear viscoelasticity of strain rate type, the most general model of interest is obtained. Then, the long-term behaviour of solutions is discussed. Finally, some applications of the model are presented.Wave fields obeying the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation on branched surfaces (Sommerfeld surfaces) are studied. Such surfaces appear naturally as a result of applying the reflection method to diffraction problems with straight scatterers bearing ideal boundary conditions. This is for example the case for the classical canonical problems of diffraction by a half-line or a segment. In the present work, it is shown that such wave fields admit an analytical continuation into the domain of two complex coordinates. The branch sets of such continuation are given and studied in detail. For a generic scattering problem, it is shown that the set of all branches of the multi-valued analytical continuation of the field has a finite basis. Each basis function is expressed explicitly as a Green's integral along so-called double-eight contours. The finite basis property is important in the context of coordinate equations, introduced and used by the authors previously, as illustrated in this article for the particular case of diffraction by a segment.This study develops a modelling framework for simulating the spread of infectious diseases within real cities. Digital copies of Birmingham (UK) and Bogotá (Colombia) are generated, reproducing their urban environment, infrastructure and population. The digital inhabitants have the same statistical features of the real population. Their motion is a combination of predictable trips (commute to work, school, etc.) and random walks (shopping, leisure, etc.). Millions of individuals, their encounters and the spread of the disease are simulated by means of high-performance computing and massively parallel algorithms for several months and a time resolution of 1 minute. Simulations accurately reproduce the COVID-19 data for Birmingham and Bogotá both before and during the lockdown. The model has only one adjustable parameter calculable in the early stages of the pandemic. Policymakers can use our digital cities as virtual laboratories for testing, predicting and comparing the effects of policies aimed at containing epidemics.We propose a new approach for the solution of initial value problems for integrable evolution equations in the periodic setting based on the unified transform. Using the nonlinear Schrödinger equation as a model example, we show that the solution of the initial value problem on the circle can be expressed in terms of the solution of a Riemann-Hilbert problem whose formulation involves quantities which are defined in terms of the initial data alone. Our approach provides an effective solution of the problem on the circle which is conceptually analogous to the solution of the problem on the line via the inverse scattering transform.As of July 2020, COVID-19 caused by SARS-COV-2 is spreading worldwide, causing severe economic damage. While minimizing human contact is effective in managing outbreaks, it causes severe economic losses. Strategies to solve this dilemma by considering the interrelation between the spread of the virus and economic activities are urgently needed to mitigate the health and economic damage. Here, we propose an abstract agent-based model of the COVID-19 outbreak that accounts for economic activities. The computational simulation of the model recapitulates the trade-off between the health and economic damage associated with voluntary restraint measures. Based on the simulation results, we discuss how the macroscopic dynamics of infection and economics emerge from individuals' behaviours. We believe our model can serve as a platform for discussing solutions to the above-mentioned dilemma.By modelling the evaporation and settling of droplets emitted during respiratory releases and using previous measurements of droplet size distributions and SARS-CoV-2 viral load, estimates of the evolution of the liquid mass and the number of viral copies suspended were performed as a function of time from the release. The settling times of a droplet cloud and its suspended viral dose are significantly affected by the droplet composition. The aerosol (defined as droplets smaller than 5 μm) resulting from 30 s of continued speech has O(1 h) settling time and a viable viral dose an order-of-magnitude higher than in a short cough. The time-of-flight to reach 2 m is only a few seconds resulting in a viral dose above the minimum required for infection, implying that physical distancing in the absence of ventilation is not sufficient to provide safety for long exposure times. The suspended aerosol emitted by continuous speaking for 1 h in a poorly ventilated room gives 0.1-11% infection risk for initial viral loads of 10 8 - 10 10   copies ml l - l , respectively, decreasing to 0.03-3% for 10 air changes per hour by ventilation. The present results provide quantitative estimates useful for the development of physical distancing and ventilation controls.We study the interaction of in-plane elastic waves with imperfect interfaces composed of a periodic array of voids or cracks. An effective model is derived from high-order asymptotic analysis based on two-scale homogenization and matched asymptotic technique. In two-dimensional elasticity, we obtain jump conditions set on the in-plane displacements and normal stresses; the jumps involve in addition effective parameters provided by static, elementary problems being the equivalents of the cell problems in classical two-scale homogenization. The derivation of the model is conducted in the transient regime and its stability is guarantied by the positiveness of the effective interfacial energy. Spring models are envisioned as particular cases. NG25 price It is shown that massless-spring models are recovered in the limit of small void thicknesses and collinear cracks. By contrast, the use of mass-spring model is justified at normal incidence, otherwise unjustified. We provide quantitative validations of our model and comparison with spring models by means of comparison with direct numerical calculations in the harmonic regime.
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