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Food-induced anaphylaxis when they are young and also factors associated with the severity.
OBJECTIVES Cholinergic dysfunction plays a prominent role in cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of baseline and longitudinal basal forebrain atrophy with cognitive decline and dementia in PD. METHODS We included 106 non-demented PD patients, 19 PD dementia (PDD) patients and 42 controls with longitudinal structural MRI and cognitive testing. After 4.2 ± 1.8 years, 20 non-demented PD patients were diagnosed with dementia (PD-dementia converters), whereas the rest of PD patients remained non-demented (stable-PD). We compared MRI volumes of the medial septum/diagonal band (Ch1/Ch2) and nucleus basalis of Meynert (Ch4) between groups. Cox regression analyses were applied to test whether Ch1/Ch2 or Ch4 atrophy could predict future dementia and linear mixed models assessed their association with cognitive decline. RESULTS Compared to controls, we found reduced Ch4 baseline volumes in PD-dementia converters (p = .003) and those who already had PDD (p less then .001) but not in stable-PD. Over time, there was a greater loss in Ch1/Ch2 volumes in PD-dementia converters and PDD compared to the other groups (p = .004). Baseline and longitudinal Ch4 volumes were associated with cognition (p less then .002) and longitudinal Ch4 atrophy predicted future dementia (p = .009). CONCLUSIONS Atrophy of Ch4 precedes and predicts future dementia in PD and is followed by changes in Ch1/Ch2, reflecting a posterior-anterior pattern of basal forebrain atrophy. This pattern could be used to track the spread of cholinergic degeneration and identify patients at risk of developing dementia. Integrating sphere remains a valuable tool for biomedical optics research. Specifically, it has been used to determine the optical properties (i.e., absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient and anisotropy factor) of biological tissues. This study presents an overview of the literature on integrating sphere and its biomedical applications. In particular, we start with a brief introduction of tissue optics with emphasis on the optical properties of biological tissues, followed by a detailed discussion of the hardware and related procedures of the integrated sphere system. Both the experimental procedure and subsequent analytical models (i.e., first order scattering, Kubelka Munk, diffusion approximation, Monte Carlo and inverse adding-doubling methods) along with illustrative examples are also outlined. Finally, illustrative examples to explore the optical properties of tissue phantoms and biological samples have been discussed. This survey will provide a ready reference and overview for the applications of integrating sphere in biomedical optics. V.Mueller matrix polarimetry (MMP) has been emerged as a simple, fast and non-invasive optical tool in the basic and preclinical research whereby polarized light measurements are used to characterize biological samples. The skin tissue being exposed can be easily sampled, and the highly anisotropic nature of its ultra-structural components (e.g., the dense collagen/ elastin matrix, fibers) enable it a particularly suitable site for MMP investigations. In this study, we aim to survey, summarize, analyze and speculate on the trends in the literature which deals with the MMP of skin tissues. Specifically, we start with a brief description of the experimental implementation of MMP technique, with a focus on both the hardware and methodology, followed by a comprehensive online literature survey to summarize the MMP data pertaining to skin tissues and associated pathologies. Finally, the polarimetric data of skin tissues have been analyzed, quantitatively compared (using box and whisker plot and student t test)and the observed trends interpreted with the help of tissue morphology. We expect that this work will provide a useful reference to a comprehensive MMP analysis of the skin tissues. V.OBJECTIVE Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) causes mucosal wart-like growths of the upper aerodigestive tract, which can undergo malignant transformation. These tumors are difficult to treat, often requiring repeated debridement, which can be associated with high morbidity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses a photosensitizing medication and a topically applied light source to treat early stage endobronchial lung cancer. Most data on the use of PDT in RRP pertain to laryngeal disease. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of PDT in treating RRP involving the lower respiratory tract. METHODS We performed a retrospective multicenter review of adult patients who had a diagnosis of RRP involving the lower airways. We documented details of their disease, treatments, and outcomes. RESULTS Eight patients underwent PDT for ten RRP lesions. Lesions were located in the trachea and more distal airways. Pathology showed malignant conversion to squamous cell carcinoma in half of the cases. All patient underwent debulking and multimodal treatment concurrently with PDT. Treatment was successful in seven patients with improvement in luminal size. Duration of disease-free recurrence ranged from 4 to 33 months. Five of eight patients have sustained ongoing treatment effect, ranging from 10 to 33 months. Most patient had improved quality of life (83%) and a reduction in interventions (87%) after PDT. Complications were minimal. CONCLUSION PDT can be a safe and effective tool when treating RRP of the lower respiratory tract, including lesions with malignant transformation. A multimodal treatment approach is associated with improved outcomes. Further prospective studies are needed to fully determine its effectiveness. V.OBJECTIVE The current research evaluated whether Go/No-go training for highly palatable (HP) food affected attention bias for HP food (an automatic/implicit outcome) and intention to eat unhealthy food (a controlled/explicit outcome). METHOD A sample of Australian adults representative for age, gender and Body Mass Index (BMI) (N = 561, Mage = 46.31 years, SD = 16.75, 52.3% women, MBMI = 27.11, SD = 6.34) completed self-report measures of dietary psychological constructs and food image modified Stroop tasks as measures of pre- and post-test attention bias for HP food. After random assignment of participants to two conditions, a Go/No-go intervention was used to train HP food targeted inhibitory control in the experimental group, or general inhibitory control in the control group. All research tasks were delivered online. selleck inhibitor RESULTS The experimental, HP food inhibitory control training group reported intention to eat less unhealthy food than the control group, F (1, 637) = 4.81, R2 = 0.09, p = .029. Counter to expectations, the experimental group exhibited a heightened attention bias to HP food images after the training, F (1, 637) = 9.
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