Notes

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coli and further inhibited the expression of tetracycline resistance gene due to the generation of its excited triplet state, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radical. The extracellular Tc-ARG also underwent fast photodegradation under light irradiation and in the presence of SRFA, which leads to the decrease of its transformation efficiency. This study provided insight into the sunlight-induced inactivation of ARB, which is of significance for understanding the transmission of tetracycline resistance in surface water.The carbonate radical (CO3•-) is a typical secondary radical observed in engineering and natural aquatic systems. This study investigated the degradation kinetics of 20 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) by CO3•- and the transformation pathways of a typical PPCP (naproxen) that is susceptible to CO3•-. CO3•- is highly selective for compounds containing aniline and phenolic hydroxyl groups as well as naphthalene rings, such as sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, salbutamol, propranolol, naproxen, and macrolide antibiotics such as azithromycin, for which the second-order rate constants range from 5.6 × 107 M-1s-1 to 2.96 × 108 M-1s-1. A good linear relationship is observed between the natural logarithms of kCO3•- and the negative values of the Hammett Σσp+ constant for aromatic PPCPs, indicating that electron-donating groups promote the attack of benzene derivatives by CO3•-. The contribution of CO3•- to naproxen degradation is significant in different processes such as UV/H2O2, UV/persulfate, UV/chlorine, and UV/monochloramine, in the presence of HCO3-, which compensates for the decreased contributions of primary radicals. In particular, the formation of CO3•- increases the first-order rate constant of naproxen by 127% in UV/monochloramine in the presence of 50 mM HCO3- compared to that without HCO3-. Natural organic matter (NOM) exerts a slight scavenging effect on CO3•-, decreasing the inhibition effect of NOM on the degradation of naproxen by UV/H2O2 in the presence of HCO3-. The pathways involved in the transformation of naproxen by CO3•- include decarboxylation, hydroxylation, ketonization, demethylation and aldolization. In addition, the alteration of the genotoxicity during naproxen degradation by CO3•- was negligible.This PRISMA scoping review explores existing research conducted with United States military samples utilizing ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to evaluate mental health outcomes. EMA facilitates understanding of temporal changes of dynamic variables subject to change difficult to capture in standard laboratory assessment. It also elucidates understanding of complex etiology of mental illness in military and veteran samples and treatment approaches. Thirty-two articles published between 1995 and 2019 met inclusion criteria. Most (68.7%) included studies examined mental health symptoms and their temporal relationship to other outcomes among servicemembers and/or veterans, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. EMA was frequently employed to better understand underlying mechanisms of mental illness, predict symptom changes, assess feasibility among special populations, and assess treatment outcomes. Considerable variability existed in assessment period duration, number of daily assessments, and EMA modalities utilized. Several research gaps were identified, including underutilization of EMA to study suicide risk in veterans/servicemembers. EMA has great potential for increasing understanding of an array of complex mental health problems; however, this highly promising approach has been largely underutilized to study mental health issues among veteran and military populations to date, perhaps due to institutional delays in its adoption secondary to privacy/data security concerns.The beneficial use of sewage sludge for valorization of carbon and nutrients is of increasing interest while micropollutants in sludge are of concern to the environment and human health. read more This study investigates the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of sewage sludge in a continuous flow pilot scale reactor at conditions expected to reflect future industrial installations. The processing is evaluated in terms of energy efficiency, bio-crude yields and quality. The raw sludge and post-HTL process water and solid residues were analyzed extensively for micropollutants via HPLC-MS/MS for target pharmaceuticals including antibiotics, blood pressure medicine, antidepressants, analgesics, x-ray contrast media, angiotensin II receptor blockers, immunosuppressant drugs and biocides including triazines, triazoles, carbamates, a carboxamide, an organophosphate and a cationic surfactant. The results show that a positive energy return on investment was achieved for all three HTL processing temperatures of 300, 325 and 350 °C with the most beneficial temperature identified as 325 °C. The analysis of the HTL by-products, process water and solids, indicates that HTL is indeed a suitable technology for the destruction of micropollutants. However, due to the large matrix effect of the HTL process water it can only be stated with certainty that 9 out of 30 pharmaceuticals and 5 out of 7 biocides products were destroyed successfully (over 98% removal). One compound, the antidepressant citalopram, was shown to be moderately recalcitrant at 300 °C with 87% removal and was only destroyed at temperatures ≥325 °C (>99% removal). Overall, the results suggest that HTL is a suitable technology for energy efficient and value added sewage sludge treatment enabling destruction of micropollutants.Microplastic (MP) removal by coagulation/flocculation followed by settling was studied in a secondary wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent matrix. MP concentration in size range less then 10 µm in wastewater is currently unknown due to the exclusion of this size range in many studies and due to difficulties in MP quantification. WWTP effluent samples were spiked with a known amount of polystyrene spheres of two different sizes 1 µm and 6.3 µm. The samples were treated with inorganic and organic coagulants typically used in WWTPs, i.e., ferric chloride, polyaluminum chloride, and polyamine. The effect of pH was studied with ferric chloride by changing the pH from 7.3 to 6.5. In this study, MP removal was monitored using flow cytometry. The role of chemicals in MP removal at WWTPs has not been in the focus of previously reported MP studies. Our results showed that all tested coagulants enhanced the removal of MPs with dosages applicable to tertiary treatment. The highest removal efficiency obtained was 99.
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