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TEACHER: Southern colonies. Our objectives are to explain how the southern colonies were established and to describe how the French and Spanish colonies differed from English colonies. Some people who arrived in America came by offering or agreeing to work without pay for a period of time for passage to America. In establishing Maryland, Sir George Calavert, or Lord
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Baltimore, wanted to create a safe haven for persecuted Catholics and to make a fortune. And King Charles I in 1632 granted him a colony. Unfortunately, he died before establishing this colony, and his son, Cecilius Calvert, inherited the colony. So he sent two of his brothers, in 1634, with 200 settlers. And they settled the area, and later named Baltimore
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Maryland's port. Then Lord Baltimore gave several parcels of land to family members and aristocrats, and also promised farmers several parcels of land to try to grow the Maryland area. He promised 100 acres to a man, 100 acres for his wife, 100 for each servant, and 50 to each of the children. So many people came with indentured
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servants and slaves. However, there was some dispute over the boundaries between Pennsylvania and Maryland. So in 1762, two British astronomers were hired to map a line dividing Maryland and Pennsylvania. They were Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon. Then, though Maryland was established as a safe haven for Catholics, the population of
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Protestants was growing steadily. And in 1649, to try to reduce the possibilities of Maryland becoming a Protestant state, Protestants and Catholics both were granted the right to worship freely. However, tension continued to mount between the two religions in the area of Maryland. Virginia was also expanding. And Nathaniel Bacon was a wealthy planter who lived in
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Western Virginia. And he opposed Governor Berkeley's decision and pledged not to go into Indian territory. So he led a rebellion that went to show how he was against not being able to grow the boundaries of Virginia. In 1676, Bacon led angry Westerners on an attack of Native American villages. And he also entered Jamestown, and set fire to the capital
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and drove Berkeley into exile. In the area of the Carolinas, also known as Charlesland, it was a proprietary colony given to eight members of the King's court. Charlestown, or Charleston, was founded in 1680. And it was the founding city. And the English philosopher wrote the Constitution, and that was John Locke.
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The Constitution was a plan of government, but also established land distribution and social ranking. Northern and Southern Carolina eventually split with the farmers from Virginia backcountry relying on Virginia to have a port. And the Southern part of the Carolinas, or the South, had fertile farmland and started growing rice. Eliza Lucas was a young English woman who, in 1740,
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developed indigo, or blue gold, which was a dye that she had created by experimenting with seeds from the West Indies. And this became a strong part of the Carolina's economy. Now, slave labor in the Carolinas was brought over from the Barbados. And it was utilized so extensively that over half the population of the Carolinas was made up of
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African-American slaves. Then the colony of Georgia was established with General James Oglethorpe being established to give debtors, or those unable to pay their debts, and the poor a fresh start. Previously, in England, the poor had been sent to prison. But this was to give them a fresh start. And also, they felt that Georgia could serve as a military barrier between the Spanish-owned Florida and
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South Carolina. So it was used for protection against the other British colonies. However, many began to feel that it was not their town but Oglethorpe's town because of his strict restrictions he placed on the settlers. However, the area of Santa Fe was built in 1733. Later, he gave the colony back to the King, because he had
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wanted to establish the colony based on hard-working, independent Protestants who farmed on small farms. However, the majority of the settlers in Georgia we're not debtors. They were often refugees from Germany, Switzerland, and some Jews. He also wanted to forbid from entering the colony slavery, Catholics, and rum.
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So many of the colonists began to reject the idea of not being able to utilize slave labor and not being able to have larger farms. So the colony went back to the King. The difference between the French and British colonies were the French were not interested in establishing large settlements. In establishing Quebec in 1608, the French had
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established a area for fur trade and trapping. Later, in 1663, with the establishment of New France, it became a colony. And during that time, a royal governor was elected. And he became less interested in fur trapping and more interested in exploring the region. So Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began to explore down the Mississippi River in search of a passage to the
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Pacific Ocean. However, they realized it did not go to the Pacific Ocean and turned back. Then Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, continued down the Mississippi River and established that area, with New Orleans being developed as the port. They also reached the Gulf of Mexico and established the area as Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV.
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This led to the growth of New France with tenant farmers, or settlers, who paid an annual rent to their lord, and worked for the lord for a fixed number of days throughout the year. However, the settlement of New France grew very slowly. And they tried to increase the population of New France by establishing land being given to settlers. However, many French were still very interested in being
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independent and established themselves in the fur trade. Spain owned most of Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and parts of Western and Southern United States. Their biggest fear with the development of the colonies of other regions was that these European countries were threatening their empire. So in 1609 and 1610, missionary soldiers and
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settlers had founded the area of Santa Fe. And Spain worked to control the area between Mexico and French territory to try to minimize the possibility of having these European countries hurt their empire. They also built missions in the California area, with missions being religious settlements established to convert a particular group of people to a particular faith. When Junipero Serra had established a mission in San
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Diego, and he was a Franciscan monk, he founded the mission in San Diego in 1769. And within 15 years, he had set up eight missions along the route of El Camino Real, which is now known as the Royal Highway. And it grew into the cities of Los Angeles and Montreal. The European conflicts in North America were extended, and vice versa, to the rivalries between
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the European nations. So the conflicts within the colonies extended to the European nations. And the European nations extended into conflicts within the colonies. This was especially true between France and Great Britain. We have explained how the Southern colonies were
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established and described how the French and Spanish colonies differed from the English colonies.
Southern Colonies
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