Notes

Selective delignification regarding poplar solid wood using a recently separated white-rot basidiomycete Peniophora incarnata T-7 by sunken fermentation to improve saccharification.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic and systemic disease; if untreated, it can cause death in a large number of cases. The therapy is based on the use of antimonials, which have been used for over 50 years. However, cases of resistance have been reported in some countries. In this context, miltefosine (MIL) was introduced to treat antimonial unresponsive cases. Nonetheless, in recent years MIL unresponsive and relapse cases of VL have increasingly been reported. In the current study, the therapeutic potential of compound 5-(4-(3-methanesulfonatepropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)dodecyl methanesulfonate (C11), an MIL derivative, was assessed in an experimental VL hamster model. For this purpose, golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were infected with Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi and treated daily for 10 days with C11 and MIL administered orally; in addition, Glucantime (GLU), peritoneal route, were administered at 15, 10, 50 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively. Twenty four hours after the end of treatmewould explain the increase in the number of granulomas and the reduction in the parasitic load (p less then 0.05). Combined, these findings indicate that C11 is an interesting compound that should be considered for the development of new drugs against VL, mainly due to its leishmanicidal effect and immunostimulating action.Objectives Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) is a common voice disorder in teachers in which subjective and objective dimensions of quality of voice can be impaired. The study aimed to compare voice handicap index (VHI) and dysphonia severity index (DSI) in teachers with and without MTD as well as study correlation between them. Study design Cross-sectional survey. Method Fifty female teachers were enrolled in the study in two different groups (1) twenty-five teachers with MTD (with mean age of 42.62 ± 3.58 years) and (2) 25 teachers without MTD (with mean age of 44.50 ± 3.49 years). All participants completed the Persian version of VHI and underwent multiparametric measurement of voice by the DSI; these subjective and objective voice measures were compared between two groups and their relation was studied. Results There was significant difference in the VHI, DSI, and their components in teachers with and without MTD (P less then 0.05). No significant correlation was found between the total score of VHI and DSI score in the teachers with MTD (rPearson 0.04, p 0.82), although there was significant correlation between them in the teachers without MTD (rPearson -0.75, p 0.001). Conclusion Teachers with MTD demonstrated higher voice handicap and lower voice quality compared to the teachers without MTD. Moreover, dysphonia interrupted relation between the results of self-perceived evaluation and multiparametric measurement of voice in the teachers with MTD in while these assessments were parallel in the healthy teachers. Further studies are recommended to transparent relation between objective and subjective voice assessments in healthy population.Independent control of the right and left ankles (differentiation) may be a motor control mechanism linking impaired coordination and mobility limitations. We tested the hypotheses that motor control differentiation of the ankles, as measured using Cross-Sample Entropy, during antiphase coordination at two movement frequencies, is associated with impaired coordination (high ankle coordination variability) and mobility limitations (Short Physical Performance Battery score ≤9). We conducted a cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older adults (N = 133) aged 80.04 (±4.67) years. In linear regression modeling, low ankle Cross-Sample Entropy (low motor control differentiation) was associated with poor (i.e., high) coordination variability at the slower (P = 0.026), but not the faster (P = 0.447), ankle movement frequency. In logistic regression modeling, low Cross-Sample Entropy at the slower (OR = 1.67; 95 % CI 1.07-2.59) and faster (OR = 2.38; 95 % CI 1.43-3.94) ankle movement frequencies were associated with increased odds for mobility limitations. Our findings support the hypothesis that ankle differentiation may be a motor control mechanism that links impaired coordination with mobility limitations.The ability to adapt to stress is an essential defensive function of a living body, and disturbance of this ability in the brain may contribute to the development of affective illness including major depression and anxiety disorders. A growing body of evidence suggests that brain serotonin (5-HT)1A receptors may be involved, at least in part, in the development of adaptation to stress. 5-HT1A receptor was reported to be transported by KIF13A, a motor protein and a member of the kinesin superfamily, from the golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. The aim of the present study was to characterize the expression pattern of 5-HT1A receptor and KIF13A in the hippocampus of stress-adaptive and -maladaptive mice. Valproate solubility dmso Mice were either exposed to repeated adaptable (1 h/day) or unadaptable (4 h/day) restraint stress, or left in their home cage for 14 days. The levels of 5-HT1A receptor and KIF13A expression were assessed by western blot analysis. To confirm the formation of a 5-HT1A receptor and KIF13A complex, we performed blue native-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-SDS-PAGE). Western blotting showed that neither 5-HT1A receptor nor KIF13A expression changed significantly in the hippocampal total extract of stress-adaptive and -maladaptive mice. In contrast, expression of 5 H T1A receptor and KIF13A in the hippocampal membrane fraction was increased in stress-adaptive mice, but not in stress-maladaptive mice. BN-SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the bands of 5-HT1A receptor and KIF13A were both observed at a molecular weight of approximately 70 kDa, which indicated that 5-HT1A receptor and KIF13A form a complex. The present findings suggest that translocation of 5-HT1A receptor in complex with KIF13A to the plasma membrane of the hippocampus may play an important role in the formation of stress adaptation.It is well appreciated that processing of peripheral feedback by the somatosensory cortices plays a prominent role in the control of human motor actions like walking. However, very few studies have actually quantified the somatosensory cortical activity during walking. In this investigation, we used electroencephalography (EEG) and beamforming source reconstruction methods to quantify the frequency specific neural oscillations that are induced by an electrical stimulation that is applied to the right tibial nerve under the following experimental conditions 1) sitting, 2) standing in place, and 3) treadmill walking. Our experimental results revealed that the peripheral stimulation induced a transient increase in theta-alpha (4-12 Hz; 50-350 ms) and gamma (40-80 Hz; 40-100 ms) activity in the leg region of the contralateral somatosensory cortices. The strength of the gamma oscillations were similar while sitting and standing, but were markedly attenuated while walking. Conversely, the strength of the theta-alpha oscillations were not different across the respective experimental conditions.
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