Notes

[Comparison involving treatment together with plates with regard to distal lower leg fractures].
Early identification of patients in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at risk of nutritional status (NS) deterioration and poor outcomes is desirable. We aimed to identify factors associated with NS deterioration and prolonged PICU stay.

Prospective cohort study in eight Brazilian PICUs with children <18 years with a PICU stay >72h. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify the clinical, laboratory, and nutrition variables at admission that were associated with outcomes. NS deterioration was defined as the reduction in weight-for-age, body mass index-for-age or mid-upper arm circumference-for-age z-score ≥1 during PICU stay. Prolonged PICU stay was defined as ≥13 days.

We enrolled 363 eligible patients, median age 11.3 months (interquartile range3.1-45.6) and 46% had at least one complex chronic condition (CCC). NS deterioration was observed in 23% of participants and was associated with CCC (odds ratio [OR]2.71; 95% confidence interval [CI]1.44-5.09), after adjusting for severity risk score, leukocyte count, obesity, and PICU site. Prolonged PICU stay was associated with age <2 years (OR1.95; 95%CI1.03-3.66), fluid overload (>10%) over the first 72h (OR2.66; 95%CI1.50-4.73), and hypoalbuminemia (<3.0 g/dL) (OR2.05; 95%CI1.12-3.76), after adjusting for CCC, severity risk score, undernutrition, early nutrition therapy, and PICU site.

CCC at admission was associated with NS deterioration. Age <2 years, fluid overload, and hypoalbuminemia at PICU admission were associated with prolonged PICU stay. These factors must be further evaluated as part of an admission nutrition screening tool for critically ill children.
CCC at admission was associated with NS deterioration. MAPK inhibitor Age less then 2 years, fluid overload, and hypoalbuminemia at PICU admission were associated with prolonged PICU stay. These factors must be further evaluated as part of an admission nutrition screening tool for critically ill children.Predictive toxicity models, including interspecies correlation estimation (ICE) models, are reliable alternatives to animal toxicity testing. The ICE models describe mathematical relationships facilitating toxicity prediction from one surrogate test species to a species of unknown sensitivity. The ICE models were developed from curated aquatic toxicity data for 19 nonionic alcohol ethoxylate (AE) surfactants manufactured through the same process. Comparison of AE-ICE predictions with observed values from external validation datasets indicates a reasonable predictive accuracy. Model predictions were also closer to observed values than predictions from previously published ICE models for other substance groups. Comparison of acute fifth percentile hazard concentrations (HC5s) from species sensitivity distributions enhanced with AE-ICE predictions with chronic HC5s published elsewhere produced an acute-to-chronic ratio of 5, which was used to estimate chronic HC5s. With both acute and chronic HC5s for 14 AE substances, regressions were made relative to their respective liposome-water partitioning coefficients (log K lipw ), resulting in HC5-log K lipw relationships useful in estimating HC5s for AE substances with known composition but with limited or unavailable toxicity data. The findings from this case study further demonstrate that ICE models are viable alternatives to toxicity testing and could be used as weight of evidence in hazard assessment evaluations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;402073-2082. © 2021 SETAC.
The Five Welfare Needs in UK animal welfare legislation underpin a legal duty of care and are an animal welfare assessment framework. Health and welfare problems arise when these needs are unmet. The veterinary professions work with others to address these problems, but there is no publicly funded U.K. companion animal welfare surveillance to identify priorities, or promote and monitor change.

The veterinary charity, the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA), together with the market research organisation, YouGov, has undertaken a longitudinal nationwide survey, assessing whether the U.K.'s pet dogs, cats and rabbits are having their Five Welfare Needs met. Data from nationally representative samples of pet-owning adults, drawn from YouGov's online survey panel, have been used to produce the PDSA Animal Wellbeing (PAW) Report annually since 2011.

Examples are given of how the PAW Report has been used to monitor trends in animal welfare problems, drive collaborative behaviour change campaigns, create evidence-based funding applications and inspire innovation in veterinary practice.

The PAW Report has contributed to closing a gap in national companion animal welfare surveillance. When governments rely on non-governmental organisations to assist with animal welfare surveillance, reliable sources such as the PAW Report can inform research, policy and legislation.
The PAW Report has contributed to closing a gap in national companion animal welfare surveillance. When governments rely on non-governmental organisations to assist with animal welfare surveillance, reliable sources such as the PAW Report can inform research, policy and legislation.Any uncertainty in determining numbers of microplastics in the environment may be a barrier to assessing their impact and may stem from various aspects of methodologies used to quantify them. We undertook a comparison of approaches to quantify and characterize microplastics in 4 personal care products. The aim was not only to determine how many particles were present but to assess any differences due to the methods used. Counting of extracted microplastics was undertaken using particle size analysis, light microscopy, and imaging flow cytometry. Micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (µ-FTIR) was used to characterize the particles in each product. The mean size distribution of microplastics differed depending on the method employed, and it was apparent that imaging flow cytometry was affected by high background noise that may require staining of plastics to overcome. The application of µ-FTIR confirmed polyethylene as the microplastic in each product. Methodological challenges encountered in the study and the literature have highlighted the need for standardization of methods for determining microplastics.
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