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Pesticide mixtures are frequent in freshwaters systems around the world, threatening the biota exposed to these conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the single and joint effect of two widely used pesticides in southern South America on a widely distributed fish species. In a 96-h assay, individuals of Cnesterodon decemmaculatus were exposed to 0.84 nL/L and 8.4 nL/L of Clorfox and 0.2 mg/L and 2 mg/L of Roundup Max, commercial formulations of chlorpyrifos and glyphosate, respectively. Also, there were four mixture treatments with all the possible combinations of both pesticides. A multi-level approach was carried out to assess their effects covering the following relevant biomarkers behavior (immobile time, line crossings and average speed), somatic conditions (Fulton condition factor and hepatosomatic index), serum parameters (cortisol levels, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine phosphokinase activity (CPK)), brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase and cytological characteristics (micronuclei frequency and nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes). Our results showed that Clorfox exposures affect behavioral parameters, serum cortisol, and nuclear characteristics of erythrocytes. 10058-F4 Myc inhibitor Roundup Max affects only the cortisol levels whereas mixture treatments have an effect on behavioral parameters, cortisol levels, LDH and CPK activities, and nuclear characteristics of erythrocytes. Potentiation was the main interaction at the lowest concentrations of both pesticides whereas antagonism occurred at the highest concentrations of both pesticides. These results are highly significant since they arise from an integrated ecotoxicological assessment at several levels of biological organization but even more important is that the potentiated effects of the mixtures we registered are environmentally relevant concentrations.Drosophila is among the most commonly used models for toxicity assessment of different types of nanoparticles. This study aims to examine the effects of a constant exposure to the low concentration of human food grade titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 E171) on Drosophila melanogaster wing morphology over multiple generations. Subsequently, the Geometric Morphometrics Analysis was employed to examine possible changes in the wing shape and size of the treated flies. The treatment resulted in the diminishment but not a disruption in the sexual dimorphism in wings. Consequently, the female flies were clearly separated from the male flies by the differences in wing morphology as in the control group. A splitting by generations was overly similar within the control and the treatment, but it was slightly more pronounced in the treatment. However, the observed generational differences seemed mostly random between generations, irrespective of the treatment. Specifically, the treated groups displayed slightly higher splitting by generations in females than in males. Regardless of the generation, the results show a clear splitting by the differences in the wing shape between the treated flies and the flies from control. The mean value of centroid size, which refers to the wing size, of both female and male wings was smaller in the treatment when compared to the control. The overall effect of TiO2 was to induce significant difference in Drosophila wing morphology but it did not alter the general wing morphology pattern. Therefore, the change in the wings occurred only within the normally allowed wing variation.Bioaccessibility-based extraction tools, such as single-point Tenax extractions (SPTEs), provide cost-effective and accurate estimates of bioaccumulation and toxicity of hydrophobic organic contaminants during environmental sampling. Use of SPTEs as a screening tool in risk assessment is hindered by the requirement for normalization of extractable concentrations for organic carbon (OC). Normalizing SPTE concentrations for the volume of Tenax used during the extraction could improve the applicability of this methodology by removing the system dependence when applying SPTE concentrations to estimates of bioaccumulation. The objective of this study was to examine the utility of Tenax phase volume normalization in place of OC normalization when using SPTEs to estimate bioaccumulation. No significant differences were observed between the slope of regression lines generated between SPTE concentrations normalized for either Tenax phase volume or OC (p = 0.410), but slight improvement of the regression was noted when using phase volume normalization (R2 = 0.829) compared to OC normalization (R2 = 0.740). Replacing OC normalization with phase volume normalization in use of SPTEs more accurately represents the partition of the chemical to the Tenax during the SPTE, improves estimates of bioaccumulation, and expands the use of SPTEs as a rapid assessment tool for determining bioaccumulation during screening of contaminated environments.Alkaline-thermal (AT) pretreatment is an economical and efficient pretreatment method to improve anaerobic biodegradability of biowaste. This study investigated the effect of AT pretreatment of spectinomycin mycelial residues (SMRs) for promoting anaerobic biodegradability along with the reduction of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and thus obtained the optimal conditions of AT pretreatment. Biomethane potential (BMP) test was conducted to evaluate the anaerobic biodegradability of untreated and pretreated SMRs, and the fate of ARGs was tracked by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that the modified Gompertz model fitted the results of BMP tests satisfactorily. Furthermore, AT pretreatment promoted BMP (B0) and reduced lag phase (λ) effectively. These were attributed to the solubilization of SMRs. The analyses of the changes in dissolved organic matter indicated that AT pretreatment could facilitate the solubilization of both biodegradable (e.g. protein) and recalcitrant matter (e.g. humic-like, analyzing by EEMs-PARAFAC), which had a significant corresponding positive (Person correlation, p less then 0.01) and negative (Partial correlation, p less then 0.01) influences on anaerobic biodegradability. However, the positive effects surpassed the negative effects, promoting the overall anaerobic biodegradability of SMRs. In addition, a considerable reduction of ARGs (by 0.62-1.36 log units) was observed at pH ≥ 12, attributed to the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bond of DNA in strong alkaline solution. Considering both anaerobic biodegradability and ARGs, the optimal AT condition was concluded as pH 12, temperature 90 °C and time 120 min.
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