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In addition, females were associated more with rivers due to their higher water demands. The differences in habitat selection between Siberian ibex males and females depend on multiple considerations, but only a limited number of key factors determine their actual distribution.Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beams contain a helical phase front with a doughnut-like intensity profile. We use the LG beam to introduce a rather simple method for generation of a vector beam (VB), a beam with spatially-dependent polarization in the beam cross section, via the nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR). We consider the NMOR of the polarization of a linearly polarized probe field passing through an inverted Y-type four-level quantum system interacting with a LG control field and a static magnetic field. It is shown that the polarization of the transmitted field is spatially distributed by the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the LG control field, leading to generation of the VB with azimuthally symmetric polarization distribution. We show that the polarization and intensity distributions of the VB spatially vary by changing the OAMs of the LG control field. Moreover, the radial index of the LG control field has a major role in more spatially polarization distributing of the VB. It is shown that the intensity of the generated VBs in different points of the beam cross section can be controlled by the OAM as well as the radial index of the LG control field. However, the VB with highly spatially distributed can be generated for higher values of the radial index of LG control field. The analytical calculations determine the contribution of the different nonlinear (cross-Kerr effect) phenomena on the generation of the VB. We show that the VB is mainly generated via birefringence induced by the applied fields. Finally, we use asymmetric LG (aLG) beams for making the VBs with asymmetric polarization distribution. find more It is shown that by applying aLG beams, the azimuthal symmetry of the polarization distribution breaks and the asymmetric polarization distribution can be controlled by OAM and radial index of the aLG control field. The obtained results may find more interesting applications in fiber/free space optical communication to enhance the capacity of the information transmission.3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently being evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). If MDMA is FDA-approved it will be important to understand what medications may pose a risk of drug-drug interactions. The goal of this study was to evaluate the risks due to MDMA ingestion alone or in combination with other common medications and drugs of abuse using the FDA drug safety surveillance data. To date, nearly one thousand reports of MDMA use have been reported to the FDA. The majority of these reports include covariates such as co-ingested substances and demographic parameters. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was employed to uncover the contributing factors to the reported risk of death among MDMA users. Several drug classes (MDMA metabolites or analogs, anesthetics, muscle relaxants, amphetamines and stimulants, benzodiazepines, ethanol, opioids), four antidepressants (bupropion, sertraline, venlafaxine and citalopram) and olanzapine demonstrated increased odds ratios for the reported risk of death. Future drug-drug interaction clinical trials should evaluate if any of the other drug-drug interactions described in our results actually pose a risk of morbidity or mortality in controlled medical settings.The potentially fatal cardiovascular effects of hypoglycaemia are not well understood and large animal models of the counter-regulatory responses and cardiovascular consequences of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia are needed to understand the mechanisms in humans. The aim of this study was to develop a human-like minipig model of hypoglycaemia including healthy and diabetic pigs to investigate endocrine, electrocardiographic and platelet effects. Hypoglycaemia was induced using a hyperinsulinaemic, hypoglycaemic clamp and an insulin bolus protocol. Plasma glucose, glucagon, C-peptide, insulin, epinephrine and platelet aggregation responses were measured before, during and after hypoglycaemia. Continuous electrocardiographic recordings were obtained. Hypoglycaemia at a plasma glucose concentration of 0.8-1.0 mM in the clamp induced 25-fold increase in epinephrine and sixfold and threefold increase in glucagon for healthy and diabetic pigs, respectively. The hypoglycaemic clamp induced QTc-interval prolongation and increase in cardiac arrhythmias. In the bolus approach, the non-diabetic group reached plasma glucose target of 1.5 mM and QTc-interval was prolonged after insulin injection, but before glucose nadir. The diabetic group did not reach hypoglycaemic target, but still demonstrated QTc-interval prolongation. These results demonstrate effects of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia closely resembling human physiology, indicating the minipig as a translational animal model of counter-regulatory endocrine and myocardial effects of hypoglycaemia.Much of our understanding of motor control deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) comes from upper limb assessments focusing on the dominant limb. Here, using two robotic behavioural tasks, we investigated motor control in both the dominant and non-dominant limbs of children with DCD. Twenty-six children with diagnosed DCD (20 males; mean age 10.6 years ± 1.3 years) and 155 controls were included in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed a visually guided reaching task with their dominant and non-dominant limbs and a bimanual object hitting task. Motor performance was quantified across nine parameters. We determined the number of children with DCD who fell outside of the typical performance range of the controls on these parameters and compared the DCD and control groups using ANCOVAs, accounting for age. Children with DCD demonstrated impairments in six out of nine parameters; deficits were more commonly noted in the non-dominant limb. Interestingly, when looking at individual performance, several children with DCD performed in the range of controls.
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