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Cerebral microbleed (CMB) is an increasingly important risk factor for cognitive impairment due to population aging. Controversies, however, remain regarding the exact association between CMB and cognitive dysfunction.

We aimed to determine the relationship between CMB burden and cognitive impairment, and also explore the characteristics of cognitive decline in CMB patients for middle-aged and elderly people.

The present cross-sectional study included 174 participants (87 CMB patients and 87 controls) who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and a battery of neuropsychological test. Global cognitive function was measured using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Compound z-scores were calculated for three cognitive subdomains memory, executive function and processing speed.

CMB patients had lower scores of MMSE (p < 0.001) and MoCA (p < 0.001). Patients at each category of CMB count had worse performance in global cognitive function and all three ive dysfunction is causal.
Larger, more active social networks are estimated to be associated with lower risks of cognitive decline. However, roles of various social relationships in a broad social network in protecting against cognitive decline remain to be elucidated.

We aimed to investigate how social roles within a social network and number of social network members are associated with cognitive decline.

Six waves of National Health and Aging Trends Study (2011-2016, NHATS) were utilized to examine the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and probable dementia determined using validated criteria. Multivariable-adjusted multi-state survival models were used to model incidences and transitions, jointly with misclassification errors.

A total of 6,078 eligible NHATS participants were included (average age 77.49±7.79 years; female 58.42%; non-Hispanic white 68.99%). Multivariable-adjusted analyses revealed that having more social network members was associated with lower hazards of conversion from MCI to probable dementia (adjusted Hazard Ratio; aHR = 0.82; 95%confidence intervals; 95%CI = [0.67-0.99]), meanwhile having at least one college-educated family member within a social network was associated with lower incidence of probable dementia (aHR = 0.37 [0.26-0.51]). Having at least one friend within a social network was associated with a lower hazard of incidence of probable dementia (aHR = 0.48 [0.33-0.71]), but a higher risk of mortality in the MCI group (aHR = 2.58 [1.47-4.51]).

Having more social network members, having at least one friend, and having at least one college-educated family member within a social network, were associated with lower risks of incidence of dementia or conversion from MCI to dementia.
Having more social network members, having at least one friend, and having at least one college-educated family member within a social network, were associated with lower risks of incidence of dementia or conversion from MCI to dementia.
Serum uric acid (SUA) affects the reaction of oxidative stress and free radicals in the neurodegenerative processes. However, whether SUA impacts Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology remains unclear.

We aimed to explore whether high SUA levels can aggravate the neurobiological changes of AD in preclinical AD.

We analyzed cognitively intact participants (n = 839, age 62.16 years) who received SUA and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (amyloid-β [Aβ], total tau [t-Tau], and phosphorylated tau [p-Tau]) measurements from the Chinese Alzheimer's Biomarker and LifestylE (CABLE) database using multivariable-adjusted linear models.

Levels of SUA in the preclinical AD elevated compared with the healthy controls (p = 0.007) and subjects with amyloid pathology had higher concentration of SUA than controls (p = 0.017). Roughly, equivalent levels of SUA displayed among cognitively intact individuals with or without tau pathology and neurodegeneration. CSF Aβ1-42 (p = 0.019) and Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 (p = 0.027) were decreased and CSF p-Tau/Aβ1-42 (p = 0.009) and t-Tau/Aβ1-42 (p = 0.043) were increased with the highest (> 75th percentile) SUA when compared to lowest SUA, implying a high burden of cerebral amyloidosis in individuals with high SUA. Sensitivity analyses using the usual threshold to define hyperuricemia and precluding drug effects yielded robust associations. Nevertheless, the quadratic model did not show any U-shaped relationships between them.

SUA may aggravate brain amyloid deposition in preclinical AD, which corroborated the detrimental role of SUA.
SUA may aggravate brain amyloid deposition in preclinical AD, which corroborated the detrimental role of SUA.
Neighborhood greenness (vegetative presence) has been linked to multiple health outcomes, but its relationship to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non-Alzheimer's (non-AD) dementia has been less studied.

This study examines the relationship of greenness to both AD and non-AD dementia in a population-based sample of Medicare beneficiaries.

Participants were 249,405 US Medicare beneficiaries aged > 65 years living in Miami-Dade County, FL, from 2010 to 2011. N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe cell line Multi-level analyses examined the relationship of greenness, assessed by mean Census block level Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), to odds of each of AD, Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), and non-AD dementia, respectively. Covariates included age, gender, race/ethnicity, number of comorbid health conditions, and neighborhood income.

Higher greenness was associated with reduced risk of AD, ADRD, and non-AD dementia, respectively, adjusting for individual and neighborhood sociodemographics. Compared to the lowest greenness tertile, the highest greenness tertile was associated with reduced odds of AD by 20%(odds ratio, 0.80; 95%CI, 0.75-0.85), ADRD by 18%(odds ratio, 0.82; 95%CI, 0.77-0.86), and non-AD dementia by 11%(odds ratio, 0.89; 95%CI, 0.82-0.96). After further adjusting for number of comorbidities, compared to the lowest greenness tertile, the highest greenness tertile was associated with reduced odds of AD (OR, 0.94; 95%CI, 0.88-1.00) and ADRD (OR, 0.93; 95%CI, 0.88-0.99), but not non-AD dementia (OR, 1.01; 95%CI, 0.93-1.08).

High neighborhood greenness may be associated with lower odds of AD and ADRD. Environmental improvements, such as increasing neighborhood vegetation, may be a strategy to reduce risk for AD and possibly other dementias.
High neighborhood greenness may be associated with lower odds of AD and ADRD. Environmental improvements, such as increasing neighborhood vegetation, may be a strategy to reduce risk for AD and possibly other dementias.
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