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Neither training alone (PLA) nor training associated with Spirulina supplementation affected leg maximal strength and power or aerobic fitness. Seven weeks of Spirulina supplementation in elite rugby players did not improve body composition or substantially increase physical performance. We only observed a non-significant small advantage in vertical jump and sprint performance in the SPI group. Based on the data from this study, Spirulina supplementation has modest effects in elite rugby players during the competitive phase. Further studies are required to verify Spirulina supplementation effects among athletes of different sports, ages, genders, and athletic levels with longer durations and higher dosages.Esophageal cancer is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Peptide modified nanoparticles have been engineered as novel strategies to improve esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) therapy. This study aimed to develop a trastuzumab (TAB) modified system for the delivery of cisplatin (CIS) and fluoropyrimidine (5-FU). In the present study, CIS and 5-FU co-encapsulated lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (CIS/5-FU LPHNs) were prepared. TAB was conjugated to the surface of CIS/5-FU LPHNs to achieve TAB decorated CIS/5-FU LPHNs (TAB-CIS/5-FU LPHNs). After the in vitro assessment, a subcutaneous model was used for the in vivo study. The mean diameter of LPNHs was around 100 nm, with higher encapsulation efficacy (EE) of about 90%. The LPNHs was stable and able to release drugs in sustained manners. 63.9% of cell uptake was achieved by TAB-CIS/5-FU LPHNs, with the best in vivo antitumor ability. The best synergistic effect with the lowest CI value (0.68) was achieved at the ratio of 1/1, which was determined for the dosage of drugs in the LPHNs preparation. TAB-CIS/5-FU LPHNs provide a new strategy for synergistic treating of EAC with higher efficacy and reduced side effects, introducing this system as a candidate for EAC therapy.Introduction Radiotherapy is an integral component in the treatment of the majority of thoracic malignancies. By taking advantage of the steep dose fall-off characteristic of protons combined with modern optimization and delivery techniques, proton beam therapy (PBT) has emerged as a potential tool to improve oncologic outcomes while reducing toxicities from treatment.Areas covered We review the physical properties and treatment techniques that form the basis of PBT as applicable for thoracic malignancies, including a brief discussion on the recent advances that show promise to enhance treatment planning and delivery. AHPN The dosimetric advantages and clinical outcomes of PBT are critically reviewed for each of the major thoracic malignancies, including lung cancer, esophageal cancer, mesothelioma, thymic cancer, and primary mediastinal lymphoma.Expert opinion Despite clear dosimetric benefits with PBT in thoracic radiotherapy, the improvement in clinical outcomes remains to be seen. Nevertheless, with the incorporation of newer techniques, PBT remains a promising modality and ongoing randomized studies will clarify its role to determine which patients with thoracic malignancies receive the most benefit. Re-irradiation, advanced disease requiring high cardio-pulmonary irradiation volume and younger patients will likely derive maximum benefit with modern PBT.Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an additive manufacturing technique where objects are created under computer control. Apart from opening many avenues of manufacturing, 3D printing of medicine has become a lucrative area in research. The technology can deliver customised and effectively on-demand treatments for individuals with unique needs; drug delivery system capable of dispensing spatially accurate and low volumes of medicine; preparation of medicine comprised of complex composition and geometric shape. Advent of 3D printed drugs like Spritam® has been FDA approved which have heightened the hopes. Pharmaceutical industry at present is shifting from mass production to personalised medicine as it promises future production of on-demand printed drugs with customised doses, increased productivity and cost-effectiveness. The goal of this article is to outline and explore the various approaches, along with the key aspects of drug printing, and also allow space for exploration of the main areas of 3D printing to be tackled in the future in order to make it an effective manufacturing route for the pharmaceutical industry.Background A recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials suggested an increased long-term mortality risk following femoropopliteal angioplasty using paclitaxel coated devices. To assess the long-term mortality after paclitaxel drug-coated (DCB) and uncoated balloon angioplasty (POBA) of femoropopliteal lesions in patients with ulcerations and gangrene in real world practice. Patients and methods A retrospective mortality analysis of patients with at least 3-year follow-up who underwent balloon based endovascular therapy of femoropopliteal lesions was performed. Results Overall 624 patients with femoropopliteal lesions were included in this study. Of those, 197 patients were treated with POBA without crossover to a paclitaxel coated device during follow-up and 427 patients with DCB angioplasty. Mean follow-up time was 33.3 ± 25.4 months. Mortality incidence was 81.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 76.1-86.8) after POBA and 59.0% (95% CI 54.6-63.9) after DCB (p less then 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed type of treatment (POBA vs. DCB, (hazard ratio [HR] 0.332, 95% CI 0.215-0.514, p less then 0.001), age per year (HR 1.065, 95% CI 1.046-1.087, p less then 0.001), coronary heart disease (HR 1.969, 95% CI 1.323-2.930, p = 0.001), renal insufficiency (HR 1.583, 95% CI 1.079-2.323, p = 0.019), stroke (HR 2.505, 95% CI 1.431-4.384, p = 0.001) as predictors for all-cause mortality. In the subgroup excluding octogenarians, mortality predictors were type of treatment (HR 0.463, 95% CI 0.269-0.796, p = 0.005), age per year (HR 1.035, 95% CI 1.002-1.069, p = 0.038), coronary heart disease (HR 2.082, 95% CI 1.274-3.400, p = 0.003), stroke (HR 2.203, 95% CI 1.156-4.197, p = 0.016) and renal insufficiency (HR 2.201, 95% CI 1.357-3.571, p less then 0.001). Conclusions This monocentric retrospective analysis showed no survival disadvantage for patients in Rutherford-Becker stage 5 after treatment with paclitaxel-coated balloons.
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