Notes

Organization involving CASC18/miR-20a-3p/TGFB2 ceRNA axis along with occult lymph node metastasis within dialect squamous cell carcinoma.
This is an era of transformation of surgical education and training. Modern methods of training are being introduced at a rapid pace and are being adopted in surgical practice not only to improve the outcomes and patient satisfaction, but also to provide an opportunity to develop a new well-structured training curriculum by integrating both traditional and modern approaches to teach and learn surgical skills. Various surgical simulators are in use as training aids and are constantly undergoing further refinement and development. To achieve a smooth transition in surgical training to modern methods, a structured programme has to be developed and validated to bridge the gaps in terms of safety, efficiency and ethics during the training process.
To determine the qualities of a good medical teacher from a trainee's perspective, to evaluate the best teaching method, and to explore the association of specialty and level of training with teaching methods and qualities of a medical teacher.

The questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in two tertiary care teaching hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan, from July 2019 to December 2020, and comprised all house officers and postgraduate residents. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire that had three sections demographics, best method of teaching, and the characteristics of a good medical teacher. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.

Of the 135 subjects, 56(41.5%) were males; 79(58.5%) were females; 76(56%) were junior trainees; and 77(57%) belonged to surgical specialties. The overall mean age was 27.6±2.4 years. Best teaching method identified by the trainees was 'asking of problem-based questions' 46(33.6%). check details Good communication skills 61(44.5%), and calm and non-humiliating demeanour 61(44.5%) were the most frequently identified qualities. More surgical trainees considered the generation of competition among learners as the best teaching method than the trainees from other specialties (p=0.001). House officers reported 'unbiased' (p=0.001) and 'moral and ethical' (p=0.001) significantly more frequently as a good trait in their teachers compared to the residents.

The most important qualities in a medial teacher, as identified by the learners, were good communication skills and calm and polite attitude.
The most important qualities in a medial teacher, as identified by the learners, were good communication skills and calm and polite attitude.
To assess harassment among surgical trainees and its effects on mental health, and to explore its association with gender.

The nationwide cross-sectional pilot study was conducted by the Association of Women Surgeons of Pakistan from July to September 2019, and included surgical trainees of either gender working in both public and private hospitals. Data was collected using an anonymous online survey form to assess harassment and self-perceived burnout and depression. Data was analysed using SPSS 22.

Of the 147 respondents, 49(33.3%) were males; 98(66.6%) were females; and 118(80.3%) were residents. Workplace harassment was reported by 80(54.4%) trainees. Among the males it was reported by 24(49%) and among the females by 56(57%) (p=0.349). Of those having faced harassment, 9(11.3%) reported it to the administration. Severe self-perceived burnout was reported by 102(69.4%) respondents, and severe self-perceived depression by 69(46.9%). Respondents experiencing bullying were more likely to report severe self-perceived burnout than those not experiencing bullying (p=0.02). Multivariable logistic regression showed female gender to be significantly associated with sexual harassment (odds ratio 4.261 [95% confidence interval 1.067-17.019]) and severe self-perceived depression (odds ratio 5.052 [95% confidence interval 1.187-21.503]). Need for a support group was identified by 134(91.2%) trainees.

An overwhelming need was found for trainee surgeon support groups and other interventions targeted at improving the workplace environment for surgical trainees in Pakistan.
An overwhelming need was found for trainee surgeon support groups and other interventions targeted at improving the workplace environment for surgical trainees in Pakistan.
To assess the impact of coronavirus disease on surgical training.

The cross-sectional study was conducted at the General Surgery Department of Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, from August 2019 to May 2020, and comprised surgical trainees from year 1 to 4. The subjects were interviewed and inquired about their opinion regarding the impact of coronavirus disease on their training. Data was prospectively collected in two equal phases of 5 months each, separating the phases on the basis of the application of preventive measures and changes relating to coronavirus disease. Data of cases from log books was divided into major and minor cases.

Of the 24 surgical trainees available, 18(75%) participated; 12(66.6%) females and 6(33.3%) males. There was a significant difference between the two phases, with the number of surgical case going down drastically in the second phase (p=0.005), affecting the training process.

Considering the ongoing pandemic, it may be worthwhile to look into the possibility of increasing the duration of training.
Considering the ongoing pandemic, it may be worthwhile to look into the possibility of increasing the duration of training.
To determine the association between site and size of perforation of the tympanic membrane and the level of conductive hearing.

The cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to October 2016 at Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi and comprised patients with tympanic membrane perforation without any other middle-ear disease. Karl-Storz Rigid Endoscope attached to a camera was used to take pictures of the tympanic membrane. Site of the perforation was determined using a vertical line to divide the membrane into two anterior and posterior halves. Size of the perforation was calculated as a percentage of the total membrane using Image J software. Data analysis was done using Stata 12.

Of the 55 patients, 29(53%) were males and 26(47%) were females. The overall mean age was 33+/-15 years. With every 5% increase in the size of perforation, the hearing loss increased by 1 decibel. A difference of 5.5 decibels was noted between anterior and posterior perforations of similar size.

Hearing loss increased with increase in the size of perforation.
My Website: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pf-9363-ctx-648.html