Notes

The Genetic make-up methylation haplotype (mHap) format and mHapTools.
cial powder. In 1970, the term "pigmented contact dermatitis" was coined by Osmundsen, a Danish dermatologist who documented several cases of peculiar facial hyperpigmentation in Copenhagen. Investigation revealed that hyperpigmentation was the result of contact dermatitis to an optical whitener, Tinopal CH 3566, in washing powder. Subsequently, in 1973, the term pigmented cosmetic contact dermatitis was introduced by Nakayama, a Japanese dermatologist, for cases that were ascribed to cosmetic contact allergens especially Brilliant Lake Red R. To date, the etiology of RM is still controversial, although the majority of experts consider it synonymous with PCD of the face. However, a recent global consensus statement emphasized that finely reticulated hyperpigmentation on the face and neck region should be labeled “pigmented contact dermatitis” rather than RM if its appearance is preceded by contact allergy. If etiology is uncertain, the term RM should be used.A broad spectrum of hand infections is commonly encountered by hand surgeons, primary care physicians, and emergency medicine practitioners. Acute hand infections vary significantly with regard to their location and etiology, but when misdiagnosed or untreated, they may result in significant morbidity or mortality to patients. Hand infections may broadly be characterized as being superficial or deep, dependent upon whether they involve the skin and subcutaneous soft tissues, or whether they involve the deeper structures, respectively. Differentiation between superficial and deep infections of the hand has general implications on the requisite treatment modality and setting. Given the anatomical complexity of the hand and its delicate function, however, further characterization of the specific structures involved is necessary to establish the diagnosis and treatment fully. Superficial infections are more common and may include the skin, nail fold, fingertip pulp, or subcutaneous tissues. Superficial infections are more likely to resolve with conservative management alone than deeper infections. Deep infections may involve the tendons, and their sheaths, bone, joint, or deep spaces of the hand and frequently require aspects of surgical management in addition to antimicrobial therapy to achieve resolution. Regardless of the respective diagnosis, prompt evaluation and treatment are paramount to resolve the infection and optimize outcomes for patients. This article reviews the broad spectrum of infectious conditions affecting the hand and details their basic evaluation and general principles of treatment with the goal of improving recognition of pathology and understanding the acuity of treatment necessary.Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a potent vasodilator that first gained FDA approval for the treatment of severe hypertension in 1974. First discovered in 1849 by Playfair, its applications in human medicine can be traced back to the early 1920s, with the first safety and efficacy data published in 1955. After an initial delay in gaining FDA approval due to difficulty in development of a chemically stable formulation, SNP gained widespread use as a fast-acting antihypertensive agent and has been used clinically for hypertensive crises, heart failure, cardiac/vascular surgery, pediatric surgery, and a variety of other acute applications. While sodium nitroprusside potential adverse effects and toxicity have led to its replacement by newer agents in some practices, it remains a useful tool in certain difficult clinical situations that require a potent, fast-acting, titratable vasodilator.Regional anesthesia can be part of a multi-model treatment plan to mitigate pain for clinical scenarios frequently seen in an emergency department and in the perioperative setting. Preoperatively, these blocks can be employed for a variety of surgical procedures. In the emergency department, it can be utilized for insertion of internal jugular central venous catheters, treatment of clavicular fractures and repairing lacerations, and draining abscesses that involve the earlobe and submandibular areas. read more The superficial cervical plexus block provides ipsilateral anesthesia to the "cape" region roughly bordered by the posterior tip of the earlobe, the lateral end of the clavicle, the medial aspect of the mandible and the inferior surface of the clavicle. Cervical plexus blocks are easy to perform and provide anesthesia for the surgical procedure in the distribution of C2 to C4, including carotid endarterectomies, lymph node dissection, and plastic surgery. The superficial cervical plexus block can also be used in combination with the deep cervical plexus block for regional anesthesia in oral and maxillofacial surgery.The cingulum is a core component of the limbic lobe and part of the circuit that was described by Papez where environmental experiences become endowed with emotional awareness. Recent techniques for the study of cerebral connectivity have updated this fasciculus' morphology and led to the acknowledgment that its involvement in superior functions goes far beyond emotion processing. Long and robust, the cingulum is a long association fasciculus with terminations in all cerebral lobes. These observations plead for a pivotal rethinking of its role in the human brain and lead to the conclusion that to merely consider it as the main fasciculus of the limbic system was actually a reductionism. This paper summarizes the key facts regarding why the cingulum is now perceived as a primary interconnecting apparatus in the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere.Background The increasing global use of smartphones has contributed to the growing use of applications for various health conditions, showing promising results. Through mobile applications it is possible to perform the chronological and iconographic follow-up of wounds such as pressure ulcers using a simple and practical tool. However, numerous surveys have pointed out issues related to the functionability, design, safety and veracity of application information. Objective The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of published studies regarding mobile applications and a systematic survey in app stores looking for applications developed to identify and/or evaluate and/or treat and/or prevent pressure ulcers in adults, and to evaluate those applications based on quality characteristics of the software. Methods This review followed PRISMA guidelines. The main bibliographic databases searched encompassed the period between January 1, 2007 and October 15, 2018, and an application survey was also made in application stores.
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