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Permanent hypoparathyroidism was significantly more frequent in group 2 (4.1% vs. 19%; p=0.005). However, the incidence of transient hypoparathyroidism, recurrence, and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was not significantly different. Conclusion Prophylactic ipsilateral CND has advantage not only to reduce incidence of some complications but also to have similar recurrence rate compared with bilateral CND. We suggest that prophylactic ipsilateral CND may be safe and effective for selected patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for cN0 unilateral PTC.Objectives This study examined the association between high risk of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and online game genres used by adolescents. Methods The data derived from the baseline data of the Internet user Cohort for Unbiased Recognition of gaming disorder in Early Adolescence (iCURE). A total 1,532 middle school students who use online games included. The participants reported the names of the online games they used during the past year. Game genres were categorized into role playing games (RPGs), shooting, multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA), simulation, arcade, sports and action games. The risk of IGD was measured using the Internet Gaming Use-Elicited symptom Screen (IGUESS). The relationship between the experience of online game genre and high risk of IGD was analyzed using multiple logistic regression model. Results The game time of a student was longer if he or she had an experience of RPGs, shooting games, MOBA games, simulation games and action games. The direct and independent association between high risk of IGD in adolescents and the genres of RPGs, simulation games and MOBA were found to be OR=1.52 (95% CI 1.03-2.26), OR=1.59 (95% CI 1.03-2.45), and OR=1.51 (95% CI 1.03-2.21), respectively after adjusted the potential confounding variables and the use of other online game genres. Conclusion The present cross-sectional study has found an association between online game genres and the risk of IGD in adolescents attending a school. A cohort study should verify the causal association in future.Objectives To investigate the association between chronic conditions (CCs) and oral health services utilization (OHSU) within the previous six months in older Peruvian adults (defined as a person 60 years of age or more according to Peruvian Law). Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was performed based on the 2015-2017 Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). Pooled data from 13,699 older adults were analyzed. SM04690 molecular weight A logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between OHSU (dependent variable) and CCs (independent variable). Tobacco consumption, obesity, educational level, age, sex, welfare quintile, area of residence, having health insurance and natural region of residence were included as covariates in the analysis. Results The frequency of OHSU in older adults was 18.5% (95% CI 17.8%-19.3%). The highest percentage point differences with regards to OHSU were found between extreme categories of educational level (higher education vs. none or elementary school +24.8) and welfare quintile (richest vs. poorest +24.0). In the crude model, OHSU was associated with diabetes (OR 1.46; 95% CI 1.26-1.69), but this association disappeared after adjustment for covariates. Meanwhile, depression decreased the likelihood of OHSU (OR 0.82; 95% CI 0.72-0.95) in the adjusted model. Conclusion The frequency of OHSU is low in older Peruvian adults. Regarding CCs, we found that depression independently decreased the likelihood of OHSU in the adjusted model of analysis. Our results may be useful for the development of policies aimed at achieving greater OHSU in older adults with CCs, especially in those with depression.Objectives Several causal models have been proposed. One essential question that has still been remained unanswered is why some high-risk people for a particular disease do not get the disease while some low-risk people get it. The "equivalence model" explains this dilemma. Methods The equivalence model describes graphically the overall effect of risk and protective factors at the individual level. Several risk factors facilitate the occurrence of the event (disease) whereas several protective factors mitigate or prevent the occurrence of the event. The equivalence model explains how the overall effect may or may not lead to the occurrence of the event. Results The risk factors are denoted by 'R' and the protective factors by 'P'. When there is a balance between risk and protective factors. Neither of the factors can overcome another one, therefore, the outcome will not occur. The outcome will occur when the units of the risk factor are greater than the units of the protective factor. On the other hand, the outcome will not occur when the units of the risk factor are less than or equal to the units of the protective factor. Conclusion This model can simply describe the causal inference in the complicated situations with several known and known risk and protective factors and justify how a group of people with a low level of certain risk factor(s) may be affected by a certain disease while another group of people with a higher level of the same risk factor(s) may remain safe.Diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia injure the gas-exchanging alveoli of the human lung. Animal studies have indicated that dysregulation of alveolar cells, including alveolar type II stem/progenitor cells, is implicated in disease pathogenesis. Due to mouse-human differences, there has been a desperate need to develop human-relevant lung models that can more closely recapitulate the human lung during homeostasis, injury repair, and disease. Here we discuss how current single-cell RNA sequencing studies have increased knowledge of the cellular and molecular composition of human lung alveoli, including the identification of molecular heterogeneity, cellular diversity, and previously unknown cell types, some of which arise specifically during disease. For functional analysis of alveolar cells, in vitro human alveolar organoids established from human pluripotent stem cells, embryonic progenitors, and adult tissue from both healthy and diseased lungs have modeled aspects of the cellular and molecular features of alveolar epithelium.
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