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Evaluation of Olfactory Function by Iranian Aroma Analysis Test inside Sufferers with Parkinson's illness in N . regarding Iran.
Hypoxia is a prominent feature of tumors. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a major subunit of HIF-1, is overexpressed in hypoxic tumor tissues and activates the transcription of many oncogenes. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that HIF-1α promotes tumor angiogenesis, metastasis, metabolism, and immune evasion. Natural products are an important source of antitumor drugs and numerous studies have highlighted the crucial role of these agents in modulating HIF-1α. The present review describes the role of HIF-1α in tumor progression, summarizes natural products used as HIF-1α inhibitors, and discusses the potential of developing natural products as HIF-1α inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.Schisandra chinensis Turcz. (Baill.) is a plant species with fruits that have been well known in Far Eastern medicine for a long time. It has traditionally been used as a stimulating and fortifying agent in cases of physical exhaustion and to inhibit fatigue. The major bioactive compounds found in S. chinensis are lignans with a dibenzocyclooctadiene skeleton, but little is known about their biosynthesis in plants. S. chinensis is the ideal medicinal plant for studying the biosynthesis of lignans, especially the dibenzocyclooctadiene skeleton. Genomic information for this important herbal plant is unavailable. To better understand the lignan biosynthesis pathway, we generated transcriptome sequences from the fruit during ripening and performed de novo sequence assembly, yielding 136 843 unique transcripts with N50 of 1778 bp. find more Putative functions could be assigned to 41 824 transcripts (51.57%) based on BLAST searches against annotation databases including GO (Gene ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genetic characteristics, and regulatory mechanisms of this medical herb.Inthomycins are polyketide antibiotics which contain a terminal carboxamide group and a triene chain. Inthomycin B (1) and its two new analogues 2 and 3 were isolated from the crude extract of Streptomyces pactum L8. Identification of the gene cluster for inthomycin biosynthesis as well as the 15N-labeled glycine incorporation into inthomycins are described. Combined with the gene deletion of the rare P450 domain in the NRPS module, a formation mechanism of carboxamide moiety in inthomycins was proposed via an oxidative release of the assembly chain assisted by the P450 domain.This study engineered β-carotene ketolase CrtW and β-carotene hydroxylase CrtZ to improve biosynthesis of astaxanthin in Escherichia coli. Firstly, crtW was randomly mutated to increase CrtW activities on conversion from β-carotene to astaxanthin. A crtW* mutant with A6T, T105A and L239M mutations has improved 5.35-fold astaxanthin production compared with the wild-type control. Secondly, the expression levels of crtW* and crtZ on chromosomal were balanced by simultaneous modulation RBS regions of their genes using RBS library. The strain RBS54 selected from RBS library, directed the pathway exclusively towards the desired product astaxanthin as predominant carotenoid (99%). Lastly, the number of chromosomal copies of the balanced crtW-crtZ cassette from RBS54 was increased using a Cre-loxP based technique, and a strain with 30 copies of the crtW*-crtZ cassette was selected. This final strain DL-A008 had a 9.8-fold increase of astaxanthin production compared with the wild-type control. Fed-batch fermentation showed that DL-A008 produced astaxanthin as predominant carotenoid (99%) with a specific titer of 0.88 g·L-1 without addition of inducer. In conclusion, through constructing crtW mutation, balancing the expression levels between crtW* and crtZ, and increasing the copy number of the balanced crtW*-crtZ cassette, the activities of β-carotene ketolase and β-carotene hydroxylase were improved for conversion of β-carotene to astaxanthin with higher efficiency. The series of conventional and novel metabolic engineering strategies were designed and applied to construct the astaxanthin hetero-producer strain of E. coli, possibly offering a general approach for the construction of stable hetero-producer strains for other natural products.Triterpenoids have been described in Andrographis paniculata. Oleanolic acid exhibits high biological activity and is widely used in the clinic, and β-sitosterol not only has good biological activity but also plays an important physiological role in plants. However, analysis of the biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoids in Andrographis paniculata has not been reported. Here, we provide the first report of the isolation and identification of nine 2, 3-oxidosqualene cyclases (ApOSC3 to ApOSC11) from A. paniculata. The results showed that ApOSC4 represented a monofunctional synthase that could convert 2, 3-oxidosqualene to β-amyrin. ApOSC5 as a bifunctional 2, 3-oxidosqualene cyclases, could transfer 2, 3-oxidosqualene to β-amyrin and α-amyrin. ApOSC6 to ApOSC8 composed the multifunctional 2, 3-oxidosqualene cyclases that could convert 2, 3-oxidosqualene to β-amyrin, α-amyrin and one or two undetermined triterpenoids. This study provides a better understanding of the biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoids in A. paniculata, and the discovery of multifunctional 2, 3-oxidosqualene cyclases ApOSC5 to ApOSC8 of the facilitates knowledge of the compounds diversity in A. paniculata.Ginsenosides are a series of glycosylated triterpenoids predominantly originated from Panax species with multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-aging, mediatory effect on the immune system and the nervous system. During the biosynthesis of ginsenosides, glycosyltransferases play essential roles by transferring various sugar moieties to the sapogenins in contributing to form structure and bioactivity diversified ginsenosides, which makes them important bioparts for synthetic biology-based production of these valuable ginsenosides. In this review, we summarized the functional elucidated glycosyltransferases responsible for ginsenoside biosynthesis, the advance in the protein engineering of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and their application with the aim to provide in-depth understanding on ginsenoside-related UGTs for the production of rare ginsenosides applying synthetic biology-based microbial cell factories in the future.
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