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Assessment of preceptor knowing and rehearse involving numbers of entrustment.
Through connections between the primary visual cortex and other brain structures, visual function is closely tied to visual hallucinations. Given that the vast majority of vision loss is caused by ophthalmic disease, much of which is preventable or treatable, the detection and treatment of vision loss in at-risk populations may reduce the burden and consequences of visual hallucinations in older adults.
Telemedicine for neuro-ophthalmology (tele-neuro-ophthalmology) has the potential to increase access to neuro-ophthalmic care by improving efficiency and decreasing the need for long-distance travel for patients. Requirements for decreased person-to-person contacts during the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated adoption of tele-neuro-ophthalmology. This review highlights the challenges and opportunities with tele-neuro-ophthalmology.

Tele-neuro-ophthalmology programs can be used for triage, diagnostic consultation, and long-term treatment monitoring. Formats include telephone appointments, interprofessional collaborations, remote data interpretation, online asynchronous patient communication, and video visits. Barriers to long-term implementation of tele-neuro-ophthalmology arise from data quality, patient engagement, workflow integration, state and federal regulations, and reimbursement. General neurologists may collaborate with local eye care providers for ophthalmic examination, imaging, and testing to facilitate efficient and effective tele-neuro-ophthalmology consultation.

Tele-neuro-ophthalmology has tremendous potential to improve patient access to high-quality cost-effective neuro-ophthalmic care. However, many factors may impact its long-term sustainability.
Tele-neuro-ophthalmology has tremendous potential to improve patient access to high-quality cost-effective neuro-ophthalmic care. However, many factors may impact its long-term sustainability.
Cortical visual impairment (CVI) is the leading cause of pediatric visual impairment in developed countries. Currently, there is no standardized method of visual assessment in these children, who usually cannot participate in tests designed for typically developing children. A reproducible method of visual assessment that accurately reflects the multitude of visual deficits in CVI is critical to evaluate proposed therapies for this disorder. This review analyzes current research on methods of visual assessment in children with CVI.

Earlier studies focused on measuring visual acuity in children with CVI. More recent studies have emphasized other aspects of visual function, such as contrast sensitivity, motion detection, and visual search. Current research topics include questionnaires, functional vision assessment (CVI Range), neuropsychological tests of visual perception, and eye tracking. Eye tracking shows promise for visual assessment in both clinical and research settings because it is objective and quantitative, with the ability to assess diverse visual parameters.

Current research on visual assessment in children with CVI focuses on measuring deficits of visual function beyond visual acuity. This research represents an important step toward designing clinical trials to identify effective therapeutics for this increasingly prevalent disorder with heterogeneous manifestations.
Current research on visual assessment in children with CVI focuses on measuring deficits of visual function beyond visual acuity. This research represents an important step toward designing clinical trials to identify effective therapeutics for this increasingly prevalent disorder with heterogeneous manifestations.
We assessed willingness to use HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and current PrEP use among gay and bisexual men (GBM) in Australia.

National, online cross-sectional surveys of GBM were conducted in 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019. Willingness to use PrEP was measured on a previously validated scale. Trends and associations with key measures were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression.

During 2013-2019, 4908 surveys were completed. Among HIV-negative and untested men not currently using PrEP, willingness to use PrEP increased from 23.0% in 2013 to 36.5% in 2017 (P < 0.001) but then plateaued at 32% in 2019 (P = 0.13). The proportion of current PrEP users increased significantly from 2.5% in 2015 to 38.5% in 2019 (P < 0.001). In 2019, factors independently associated with being a current PrEP user (compared with non-PrEP users who were willing to use PrEP) included having subsidized health care (Medicare), knowing HIV-positive people, being recently diagnosed with an STI other than HIV, having higher numbers of recent male sexual partners, recent condomless sex with casual and regular partners, and frequent PrEP sorting.

Willingness to use PrEP has plateaued as its use has rapidly increased among GBM in Australia. PrEP use is concentrated among more sexually active men with access to subsidized health care. Free or low cost access schemes may facilitate broader access among GBM who want or need PrEP but lack access to subsidized health care.
Willingness to use PrEP has plateaued as its use has rapidly increased among GBM in Australia. PrEP use is concentrated among more sexually active men with access to subsidized health care. Free or low cost access schemes may facilitate broader access among GBM who want or need PrEP but lack access to subsidized health care.
The longer-term risks of statins on physical function among people with HIV are unclear.

Longitudinal analysis of Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study men between 40 and 75 years of age with ≥2 measures of gait speed or grip strength. Generalized estimating equations with interaction terms between (1) statin use and age and (2) HIV serostatus, age, and statin use were considered to evaluate associations between statin use and physical function. Models were adjusted for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors.

Among 2021 men (1048 with HIV), baseline median age was 52 (interquartile range 46-58) years; 636 were consistent, 398 intermittent, and 987 never statin users. There was a significant interaction between age, statin, and HIV serostatus for gait speed. selleckchem Among people with HIV, for every 5-year age increase, gait speed (m/s) decline was marginally greater among consistent versus never statin users -0.008 [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.017 to -0.00007]; P = 0.048, with more notable differences between intermittent and never users [-0.
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