Notes

Breakthrough discovery regarding nondiazotrophic Trichodesmium types plentiful and also popular in the open water.
6) Align statistical analyses with the study's conceptualization and operationalization of race and ethnicity. 7) Provide thorough interpretation of results beyond simple reporting of statistical significance. By following these recommendations, medical education researchers can avoid major pitfalls associated with the use of race and ethnicity and make informed decisions around some of the most challenging race and ethnicity topics in medical education.
The world of medicine is constantly changing, and with it the continuing professional development (CPD) needs of physicians. As the CPD landscape is shifting away from unidirectional delivery of knowledge through live large group learning (conferences) and is placing increased emphasis on new approaches for skills training not taught adecade ago, anew approach is needed.

Using design thinking techniques, we hosted afull-day retreat for emergency medicine stakeholders in Hamilton and the surrounding region. Prior to the retreat we collected medico-legal data on emergency physicians in our region and performed aneeds assessment survey. At the retreat, we had participants brainstorm ideas for CPD, generate archetypes for end-users, then generate solutions to the problems they had identified. These proposals were presented to the larger group for feedback and refinement.

The Design Thinking Retreat generated five main pillars for action by our CPD team. 1)Simulation/procedural learning (staff simulation, procedural skills day, in situ simulation); 2)Asynchronous learning (website and podcast); 3)Synchronous learning (small group sessions for staff); 4)Community connectivity (online platform for collaboration and communication); and 5)Coaching & mentorship (focused coaching for specific practice improvement, improved onboarding for new staff).

These ideas have vastly increased engagement in CPD. Stakeholder consultation via design thinking may be akey approach for educators to use.
These ideas have vastly increased engagement in CPD. Stakeholder consultation via design thinking may be a key approach for educators to use.
The role of feedback in test-enhanced learning is an understudied area that has the potential to improve student learning. This study investigates the influence of different forms of post-test feedback on retention and transfer of biomedical knowledge within atest-enhanced learning framework.

64participants from aCanadian and an Australian medical school sat two single-best-answer formative multiple choice tests one week apart. We compared the effects of conceptually focused, response-oriented, and simple right/wrong feedback on alearner's ability to correctly answer new (transfer) questions. On the first test occasion, participants received parent items with feedback, and then attempted items closely related (near transfer) to and more distant (far transfer) from parent items. In arepeat test at 1week, participants were given different near and far transfer versions of parent items. 2NBDG Feedback type, and near and far transfer items were randomized within and across participants.

Analysis demonstrated that key conceptual knowledge are two important areas for future research on learning, retention and transfer.The severe respiratory insufficiency observed during COVID-19 infection may not be directly related to a cytopathogenic effect induced by the virus itself, but to an exaggerated and inappropriate immune response. In an effort to reduce the severity of organ dysfunction, including respiratory insufficiency, monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) that block the interleukin-6 receptor, such as tocilizumab, sarilumab, and siltuximab, are under investigation for the treatment of COVID-19. However, blocking of just one of the many cytokines involved in the inflammatory reaction may not slow down the magnitude of the process. Since timing is important, the immune deficiency induced by IL6 blockade at the late immunodeficiency phase of sepsis that follows the initial inflammatory response may be detrimental. Finally, monitoring the degree and duration of IL6 blockade may be challenging because of the long half-life of Mabs (2-3 weeks). Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines act through a common JAK-STAT signaling pathway, which trial.Stem cell exhaustion plays a major role in the ageing of different tissues. Similarly, in vitro cell ageing during expansion prior to their use in regenerative medicine can severely compromise stem cell quality through progressive declines in differentiation and growth capacity. We utilized non-destructive multispectral assessment of native cell autofluorescence to investigate the metabolic mechanisms of in vitro mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) ageing in human bone marrow MSCs over serial passages (P2-P10). The spectral signals for NAD(P)H, flavins and protein-bound NAD(P)H were successfully isolated using Robust Dependent Component Analysis (RoDECA). NAD(P)H decreased over the course of hMSC ageing in absolute terms as well as relative to flavins (optical redox ratio). Relative changes in other fluorophore levels (flavins, protein-bound NAD(P)H) suggested that this reduction was due to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide depletion rather than a metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. Using multispectral features, which are determined without cell fixation or fluorescent labelling, we developed and externally validated a reliable, linear model which could accurately categorize the age of culture-expanded hMSCs. The largest shift in spectral characteristics occurs early in hMSC ageing. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of applying multispectral technology for the non-invasive monitoring of MSC health in vitro.In order to improve the trustworthiness of our science, several new research practices have been suggested, including preregistration, large statistical power, availability of research data and materials, new statistical standards, and the replication of experiments. We conducted a replication project on an original phenomenon that was discovered more than 25 years ago, namely the attentional blink (Raymond, Shapiro, & Arnell, Human Perception and Performance, 18(3), 849-860, 1992), which has been conceptually replicated hundreds of times with major variations. Here, we ran two identical experiments, adopting the new practices and closely reproducing the original experiment. The two experiments were run by different research groups in different countries and laboratories with different participants. Experiment 1 shared remarkable similarities (in magnitude and duration of the effect) with the original study, but also some differences (the overall accuracy of participants, the timing of the effect, and lag-1 sparing).
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