Notes

High-resolution spectral information allows phenotyping involving foliage epicuticular wax inside wheat or grain.
that complex IV was selective against cancer cells.
The viability assays revealed that complex IV, bearing a NO group and a modified lysine residue, was able to release NO and croses tumor cell membranes. In this work, the Complex IV was the most active ruthenium bipyridine complex against the mammalian breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 it was approximately twice as active as cisplatin, whilst complexes I-III proved to be less cytotoxic than complex IV. Additional tests using healthy MCF 10A cells showed that complexes II-IV were three- to sixfold less toxic than cisplatin, which suggested that complex IV was selective against cancer cells.
Repurposing drugs is an efficient strategy as drug discovery process is time-consuming, laborious and costly. Memantine is already used in Alzheimer's disease to prevent neurons from excess glutamate toxicity. As cancer cells benefit higher amounts of cellular energetics like glucose and glutamine, we used memantine to interfere with the glutamate metabolism in order to restrict cancer cells glutamine as a source for their growth.

To investigate the potential antitumor effect of memantine by reducing glutamate levels in 4T1 mouse breast cancer model.

24 Balb/c female mice were subcutaneously inoculated with 4T1 cells. When tumors were palpable memantine treatment was initiated as 5 and 10 mg/kg daily intraperitoneal injection. Tumor growth was recorded for every 2-3 days. Tumor volumes, serum glutamate levels, spleen IL-6 levels, genome-wide DNA methylation levels and GSK3B. pGSK3B protein expressions were measured to enlighten the anticancer mechanism of action for memantine.

We found that both two dth a poor prognosis. Therefore, Memantine might be used for targeting glutamine metabolism in cancer treatment.Membrane separation are at the forefront of the technologies for desalination and wastewater treatment. However, current membranes have inherent limitations, including permeability/selectivity trade-off and fouling susceptibility. To overcome these limitations, a new generation of advanced membranes based on nanomaterials has emerged. Among the nanomaterials, graphene oxide (GO) is regarded as the most promising nanomaterials due to its favorable characteristics such as hydrophilicity, tunable surface chemistry, large surface area, mechanical stability, bacteriostasis, and biocidal activities. Currently, there are three types of graphene-based membranes, i.e., nanoporous graphene/GO, laminated GO, and mixed matrix membranes. The fabrication, applications, and limitations of the three classes of membranes are analyzed. After a brief introduction to membranes, graphene, GO, and GO functionalization, the recent advances in the fabrication of these membranes are presented. Relevant applications of these membranes in water treatment is discussed in light of the structureperformance relationship. Finally, the overall conclusion and our perspective on future research directions are provided.
Nanomaterials have recently been identified for their potential benefits in the areas of medicine and pharmaceuticals. Among these nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been widely utilized in the fields of diagnostics, antimicrobials, and catalysis.

To investigate the potential utility of Citrobacter freundii in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), and to determine the antimicrobial activities of the Ag-NPs produced.

Aqueous Ag+ ions were reduced when exposed to C. freundii extract and sunlight, leading to formation of AgNPs. Qualitative microanalysis for the synthesized Ag-NPs was done using UV-vis spectrometry, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The hydrodynamic size and stability of the particles were detected using dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The Ag-NPs' anti-planktonic and anti-biofilm activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are two important skin and wound pathogens, were investigated. The cytotoxicity on human dermal fibroblast cell line was also determined.

Ag-NPs were spherical with a size range between 15 to 30 nm. Furthermore, Ag-NPs displayed potent bactericidal activities against both S. read more aureus and P. aeruginosa and showed noticeable anti-biofilm activity against S. aureus biofilms. Ag-NPs induced minor cytotoxic effects on human cells as indicated by a reduction of cell viability, a disruption of plasma membrane integrity, and apoptosis induction.

Ag-NPs generated in this study might be a future potential alternative to be used as antimicrobial agents in pharmaceutical applications for wound and skin related infections.
Ag-NPs generated in this study might be a future potential alternative to be used as antimicrobial agents in pharmaceutical applications for wound and skin related infections.
The consistently increasing reports of bacterial resistance and the reemergence of bacterial epidemics have inspired the health and scientific community to discover new molecules with antibacterial potential continuously. Frog-skin secretions constitute bioactive compounds essential for finding new biopharmaceuticals. The exact antibacterial characterization of dermaseptin related peptides derived from Agalychnis annae is limited. The resemblance in their conserved and functionally linked genomes indicates an unprecedented opportunity to obtain novel bioactive compounds.

In this study, we derived a novel peptide sequence and determined its antibacterial potentials.

Consensus sequence strategy was used to design the novel and active antibacterial peptide named 'AGAAN' from skin secretions of Agalychnis annae. The In-vitro activities of the novel peptide against some bacterial strains were investigated. Time kill studies, DNA retardation, cytotoxicity, beta-galactosidase, and molecular computational studies were conducted.

AGAAN inhibited P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, and S. typhimurium at 20 µM concentration. E. coli and S. aureus were inhibited at 25 µM, and lastly, B. subtilis at 50 µM. Kinetics of inactivation against exponential and stationary growing bacteria was found to be rapid within 1-5 hours of peptide exposure, depending on time and concentration. The peptide displayed weak hemolytic activity between 0.01%-7.31% at the antibacterial concentrations. AGAAN efficiently induced bacterial membrane damage with subsequent cell lysis. The peptide's DNA binding shows that it also targets intracellular DNA by retarding its movement. Our in-silico molecular docking analysis displayed a strong affinity to the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.

AGAAN exhibits potential antibacterial properties that could be used to combat bacterial resistance.
AGAAN exhibits potential antibacterial properties that could be used to combat bacterial resistance.
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