Notes

Inverse-design regarding non-Hermitian potentials pertaining to on-demand asymmetric reflectivity.
Diabetes mellitus is a common disease in Saudi Arabia and globally, with some studies reporting about 30% prevalence among the Saudi population. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness among working-age patients, and it has a prevalence of 34.6% among diabetics worldwide. The objectives of this review were to examine the prevalence of DR in Saudi Arabia, describe the major associated risk factors, and raise awareness about the disease among diabetics. check details The prevalence of DR in Saudi Arabia has risen substantially in recent decades. Significant risk factors associated with DR include older age, longer duration of diabetes, poor glycemic control, and hypertension. Awareness and education about diabetes are associated with better outcomes and fewer complications.Introduction Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a quick, effective and relatively inexpensive technique to evaluate the visibly accessible superficial masses. As cervical, axillary and inguinal lymphadenopathies are commonly encountered clinical problems, in this study, we evaluated the utility of FNAC for assessment of lymphadenopathy. Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Cytopathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, over the duration of three years. A total of 559 cases were included in the study that underwent FNAC. After palpation, two to three passes were performed with a 22-23 gauge needle along with a plunger for FNAC. The obtained material was spread on three slides that were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E), Papanicolaou (PAP), and Diff-Quik methods. The remaining material was used for cell block preparation. Results The mean age of the patients was 37.05±18.03 years. In 98.7% of cases, the material was adequate for a satcarcinoma were more frequent in middle and older age groups, respectively. On a similar note, tuberculous lymphadenitis was more frequent in cervical lymph nodes than axillary and inguinal lymph nodes, while metastatic carcinoma was more common in these latter two sites.Background Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common cause of emergency hospital admission. Predictive value of biochemical markers including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and lipase on pancreatitis has not been fully established. This study aimed to assess the role of ALT, ALP, bilirubin and lipase levels at admission on predicting the aetiology and length of hospital stay in AP. This study also assesses quantitative high lipase as a predictor of gallstone pancreatitis (GP). Methods All patients above the age of 18 with a diagnosis of AP between October 2016 - 2017 were included in our study. The exclusion criteria were patients with a known history of pancreatitis or biliary disease/bile duct stones and pregnancy. This is a retrospective study performed from a prospectively collected electronic patient database at our hospital. Results Among the 143 patients with AP, 50 patients were diagnosed with gallstone pancreatitis (GP) and the remaining of 93 patients suffered non-gallstone pancreatitis (NGP). Mean ALT level was significantly higher in gallstone pancreatitis (237 ± 351 IU) compared to non-gallstone pancreatitis (107 ± 162 IU; P = 0.005). ALP level was numerically high in GP (151.5 ± 186) compared to NGP (138 ± 105 IU; P = 0.64). Similar results in bilirubin level also noted in GP (35.5 ± 24.5) comparing to NGP (20.7 ± 79.6 µmol/L; P = 0.09). Raised ALT (9.3 ± 8.2 versus 3 ± 2.19 days), bilirubin (8.5 ± 2.5 versus 6.9 ± 1.19 days) and ALP levels (6.26 ± 6.1 versus 3.5 ± 10 days respectively; P = 0.05) were associated with longer hospitalisation in GP comparing to NGP. The lipase level more than 10 times the upper reference level (10-URL) was found to be associated with GP (39/50) than NGP (54/93; P = 0.027). Conclusion Raised ALT, high lipase of 10 URL levels were associated with gallstone pancreatitis. In gallstone pancreatitis, patients with high ALT, bilirubin and ALP levels had longer hospital stay.Exercise-induced hypertension (EIH) is defined as elevated blood pressure (BP) > 190mm Hg for females and > 210 mmHg for males during exercise. EIH is prevalent among athletes and healthy individuals with no cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. While previous data corroborates exercise in reducing hypertension and cardiovascular risk, the development of EIH and its attendant cardiovascular risk necessitates a review of the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in EIH. To date, these mechanisms causing EIH are not fully understood, nor are there any established guidelines on the management of EIH. In this article, we discuss in detail the pathophysiological mechanisms, the prognostic value, clinical implications, possible treatment, and future directions in managing EIH.Introduction Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary disorder of the skin and mucous membranes which is characterized by circumscribed depigmented macules and patches. Vitiligo is a progressive disorder in which some or all of the melanocytes in the affected skin are selectively destroyed. Around 0.5-2% of the world population is affected by vitiligo and the average age of onset is 20 years. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of tacrolimus versus clobetasol in the treatment of vitiligo. It is an open randomized control trial conducted in the Department of Dermatology, Nishtar Hospital, Multan for six months. Methods One hundred sixty-two patients of vitiligo were included in the study. The disease was diagnosed on basis of clinical features and the Standard Assessment scale proposed by Hossain which was used to monitor and grade the response. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups by lottery method having 81 patients in each group. Group A was given tacrolimus whereas Group B was givumerically superior in terms of effective treatment (47 versus 42) but not superior statistically. Conclusion Comparison of tacrolimus and clobetasol in patients of vitiligo showed no significant difference in the efficacy of the two groups. It can be concluded that tacrolimus may be considered superior to corticosteroids as its local and systemic adverse effects are less.
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