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Over the period of one year, 4.2% and 6.1% of risk-free students became tobacco user and sexual risk-takers, respectively, and 22.4% of tobacco user students, transfer to the multiple risk-taker group. CONCLUSION The prevalence of risk-taking behaviors increased during the freshman year. Tobacco smoking was predispose acquiring more risky behaviors. Probability of transition to the multiple risk-taker group was higher among tobacco users.BACKGROUND Pediculosis capitis is one of the most common contagious diseases in overcrowded places, especially in schools. We aimed to determine the overall and seasonal prevalence of Pediculosis capitis (head lice infestation) among Iranian students. STUDY DESIGN A repeated cross-sectional study. METHODS The present study was conducted among all students, aged 6-18 yr, from urban areas of 31 provinces of Iran from 2014 to 2018. The student's hair and scalp were examined by trained school health instructor. The prevalence (95% Confidence Interval) of pediculosis were estimated overall and stratified by gender. Linear and Poisson regression models were used for data analysis. RESULTS Results showed an upward trend of pediculosis from 1.7% to 3.42% during four years of study (P for trend=0.006). Overall, the prevalence of this infestation was significantly higher in girls than boys (P-value less then 0.05). The relative risk of head lice infestation in autumn was 2.42 times higher than spring (RR 2.42, 95%CI 1.35 to 4.32). selleck products CONCLUSION Pediculosis is still a health issue among Iranian students, especially in girls. This infestation had upward trend in recent years and was more common in southern Iran. Increasing the awareness of students regarding symptoms and complications of pediculosis and using accurate diagnosis methods can be effective in reducing the prevalence of pediculosis and its consequences.BACKGROUND We aimed to perform a cluster analysis on sleep quality and insomnia severity in addition to predicting the clusters based on personality traits, experiential avoidance, stress, anxiety, depression, and dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study. METHODS This study was conducted on earthquake victim in Kermanshah (western Iran) in 2017. Data collection began 15 d after the earthquake and lasted for 2 weeks. First, 1002 copies of the questionnaire were distributed and, finally, analyses were performed for 778 individuals. Data analysis was conducted using cluster analysis. RESULTS Based on sleep quality and insomnia severity, four clusters were formed, and a correlation existed between some personality traits, psychological distress, experiential avoidance, and dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep with unhealthy clusters (P less then 0.05). The summary of the model showed the sufficient fit of the model (P less then 0.0005) and that it could predict 22.8%-42.4% of the variance of unhealthy clusters. CONCLUSION Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, experiential avoidance, stress, anxiety, depression, and personality traits could contribute to sleep problems and reduce sleep quality in earthquake victims.In 1970, John Maynard Smith published a letter, entitled "Natural Selection and the Concept of a Protein Space," that proposed a simple analogy for the incremental process of adaptive evolution. His "Protein Space" analogy contains the substrate for many central ideas in evolutionary genetics, and has motivated important discoveries within several subdisciplines of evolutionary science. In this Perspectives article, I commemorate the 50th anniversary of this seminal work by discussing its unique legacy and by describing its intriguing historical context. I propose that the Protein Space analogy is not only important because of its scientific richness, but also because of what it can teach us about the art of constructing useful and subversive analogies. Copyright © 2020 by the Genetics Society of America.Microbial genomes have highly variable gene content, and the evolutionary history of microbial populations is shaped by gene gain and loss mediated by horizontal gene transfer and selection. To evaluate the influence of selection on gene content variation in hydrothermal vent microbial populations, we examined 22 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) (70 to 97% complete) from the ubiquitous vent Epsilonbacteraeota genus Sulfurovum that were recovered from two deep-sea hydrothermal vent regions, Axial Seamount in the northeastern Pacific Ocean (13 MAGs) and the Mid-Cayman Rise in the Caribbean Sea (9 MAGs). Genes involved in housekeeping functions were highly conserved across Sulfurovum lineages. However, genes involved in environment-specific functions, and in particular phosphate regulation, were found mostly in Sulfurovum genomes from the Mid-Cayman Rise in the low-phosphate Atlantic Ocean environment, suggesting that nutrient limitation is an important selective pressure for these bacteria. Furthermore, geneent limitation in particular has shaped the Sulfurovum genome, leading to differences in gene content between ocean basins. Our results also suggest that recently acquired genes undergo stronger selection than genes that were acquired in the more distant past. Overall, our results highlight the importance of natural selection in driving the evolution of microbial populations in these dynamic habitats. Copyright © 2020 Moulana et al.Microbial life is surprisingly abundant and diverse in global desert ecosystems. In these environments, microorganisms endure a multitude of physicochemical stresses, including low water potential, carbon and nitrogen starvation, and extreme temperatures. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the energetic mechanisms and trophic dynamics that underpin microbial function in desert ecosystems. Accumulating evidence suggests that dormancy is a common strategy that facilitates microbial survival in response to water and carbon limitation. Whereas photoautotrophs are restricted to specific niches in extreme deserts, metabolically versatile heterotrophs persist even in the hyper-arid topsoils of the Atacama Desert and Antarctica. At least three distinct strategies appear to allow such microorganisms to conserve energy in these oligotrophic environments degradation of organic energy reserves, rhodopsin- and bacteriochlorophyll-dependent light harvesting, and oxidation of the atmospheric trace gases hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
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