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Non-guideline-compliant endovascular ab aortic aneurysm restore ladies is associated with improved death and reintervention in contrast to guys.
The pineal gland is also innervated by vasopressin- and oxytocin-containing fibers reaching the gland via the "central innervation" in the pineal stalk, which might be involve in an annual regulation of melatonin secretion.The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) are known to mediate social cognition and behaviors in a sex-dependent manner. This chapter reviews the sex-dependent influence of OT and VP on social behaviors, focusing on (1) partner preference and sexual orientation, (2) memory modulation, (3) emotion regulation, and (4) trust-related behaviors. Most studies suggest that OT promotes familiar (opposite-sex) partner preference, strengthens memory, relieves anxiety, and increases trust. However, VP-regulated social cognition has been studied less than OT. VP facilitates familiar (opposite-sex) partner preference, enhances memory, induces anxiety, and influences happiness/anger perception. Detailed sex differences of these effects are reviewed. There is a male preponderance in the use of animal models and many study results are too complex to draw firm conclusions. Clarifying the complex interplay between the OT/VP system and sex hormones in the regulation of social behaviors is needed.Histopathological alterations of the mamillary bodies are the most conspicuous and the most consistent neuropathological features of several disorders that occur after severe thiamine deficiency, such as Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome. Moreover, they are among the few abnormalities that are visible to the naked eye in these disorders. With a lifetime prevalence of approximately 1.3%, Wernicke's encephalopathy is by far the most frequent cause of damage to the mamillary bodies in humans. Still, there is a persisting uncertainty with regard to the development and the clinical consequences of this damage, because it is virtually impossible to study in isolation. As a rule, it always occurs alongside neuropathology in other subcortical gray matter structures, notably the medial thalamus. Converging evidence from other pathologies and animal experiments is needed to assess the clinical impact of mamillary body damage and to determine which functions can be attributed to these structures in healthy subjects. In this chapter, we describe the history and the current state of knowledge with regard to thiamine deficiency disorders and the contribution of mamillary body damage to their clinical presentations.A major function of the nervous system is to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. The distinction between our external environment (i.e., the environment that we live in and that is subject to major changes, such as temperature, humidity, and food availability) and our internal environment (i.e., the environment formed by the fluids surrounding our bodily tissues and that has a very stable composition) was pointed out in 1878 by Claude Bernard (1814-1878). Later on, it was indicated by Walter Cannon (1871-1945) that the internal environment is not really constant, but rather shows limited variability. Cannon named the mechanism maintaining this limited variability homeostasis. Claude Bernard envisioned that, for optimal health, all physiologic processes in the body needed to maintain homeostasis and should be in perfect harmony with each other. This is illustrated by the fact that, for instance, during the sleep-wake cycle important elements of our physiology such as body temperature, circulating glucose, and cortisol levels show important variations but are in perfect synchrony with each other. These variations are driven by the biologic clock in interaction with hypothalamic target areas, among which is the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), a core brain structure that controls the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems and thus is key for integrating central and peripheral information and implementing homeostasis. Epigenetic inhibitor This chapter focuses on the anatomic connections between the biologic clock and the PVN to modulate homeostasis according to the daily sleep-wake rhythm. Experimental studies have revealed a highly specialized organization of the connections between the clock neurons and neuroendocrine system as well as preautonomic neurons in the PVN. These complex connections ensure a logical coordination between behavioral, endocrine, and metabolic functions that helps the organism maintain homeostasis throughout the day.Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proven to be safe and effective for both hypo- and hyperkinetic movement disorders of basal ganglia origin, while its application to other neural pathways such as the circuit of Papez is under investigation. In particular, the fornix has gained interest as potential DBS target to decrease rates of cognitive decline, enhance memory, aid visuospatial memorization, and improve verbal recollection. While the exact mechanisms of action of fornix DBS are not completely understood, studies found enhanced hippocampal acetylcholine release, synaptic plasticity, and decreased inflammatory responses in cortex and hippocampus. Nevertheless, it is still premature to conclude that fornix DBS can be used in the treatment of cognitive disorders, and the field needs sound, preclinically tested, and disease-specific a posteriori hypotheses.The study of the placebo effect, or response, is related to the investigation of the psychologic component of different therapeutic rituals. The high rate of placebo responses in Parkinson's disease clinical trials provided the impetus for investigating the underlying mechanisms. Ruling out spontaneous remission and regression to the mean through the appropriate experimental designs, genuine psychologic placebo effects have been identified, in which both patients' expectations of therapeutic benefit and learning processes are involved. Specifically, placebo effects are associated with dopamine release in the striatum and changes in neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, and motor thalamus in Parkinson's disease, as assessed through positron emission tomography and single-neuron recording during deep brain stimulation, respectively. Conversely, verbal suggestions of clinical worsening or drug dose reduction induce nocebo responses in Parkinson's disease, which have been detected at both behavioral and electrophysiologic level.
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