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With increasing data volumes, the bottleneck in obtaining data for training a given learning task is the cost of manually labeling instances within the data. To alleviate this issue, various reduced label settings have been considered including semi-supervised learning, partial- or incomplete-label learning, multiple-instance learning, and active learning. Here, we focus on multiple-instance multiple-label learning with missing bag labels. Little research has been done for this challenging yet potentially powerful variant of incomplete supervision learning. We introduce a novel discriminative probabilistic model for missing labels in multiple-instance multiple-label learning. To address inference challenges, we introduce an efficient implementation of the EM algorithm for the model. Additionally, we consider an alternative inference approach that relies on maximizing the label-wise marginal likelihood of the proposed model instead of the joint likelihood. Numerical experiments on benchmark datasets illustrate the robustness of the proposed approach. In particular, comparison to state-of-the-art methods shows that our approach introduces a significantly smaller decrease in performance when the proportion of missing labels is increased.This study proposes and clinically tests intramuscular electrical stimulation below motor threshold to achieve prolonged reduction of wrist flexion/extension tremor in Essential Tremor (ET) patients. The developed system consisted of an intramuscular thin-film electrode structure that included both stimulation and electromyography (EMG) recording electrodes, and a control algorithm for the timing of intramuscular stimulation based on EMG (closed-loop stimulation). Data were recorded from nine ET patients with wrist flexion/extension tremor recruited from the Gregorio Maran Hospital (Madrid, Spain). Patients participated in two experimental sessions comprising 1) sensory stimulation of wrist flexors/extensors via thin-film multichannel intramuscular electrodes; and 2) surface stimulation of the nerves innervating the same target muscles. For each session, four of these patients underwent random 60-s trials of two stimulation strategies for each target muscle 1) selective and adaptive timely stimulation (SATS) - based on EMG of the antagonist muscle; and 2) continuous stimulation (CON) of target muscles. Two patients underwent SATS stimulation trials alone while the other three underwent CON stimulation trials alone in each session. Kinematics of wrist, elbow, and shoulder, together with clinical scales, were used to assess tremor before, right after, and 24 h after each session. Intramuscular SATS achieved, on average, 32% acute (during stimulation) tremor reduction on each trial, while continuous stimulation augmented tremorgenic activity. Furthermore, tremor reduction was significantly higher using intramuscular than surface stimulation. Prolonged reduction of tremor amplitude (24 h after the experiment) was observed in four patients. These results showed acute and prolonged (24 h) tremor reduction using a minimally invasive neurostimulation technology based on SATS of primary sensory afferents of wrist muscles. This strategy might open the possibility of an alternative therapeutic approach for ET patients.
Blood flow restriction (BFR) with low-intensity resistance training has been shown to result in hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that BFR during the rest periods between acute, high-intensity resistance exercise sessions (70% of 1 repetition maximum, 7 sets with 10 repetitions) enhances the effects of the resistance training.
A total of 7 healthy young men performed squats, and between sets BFR was carried out on 1 leg while the other leg served as a control. Because BFR was applied during rest periods, even severe occlusion pressure (approximately 230 mm Hg), which almost completely blocked blood flow, was well-tolerated by the participants. Five muscle-specific microRNAs were measured from the biopsy samples, which were taken 2 h after the acute training.
Doppler data showed that the pattern of blood flow recovery changed significantly between the first and last BFR. MicroRNA-206 levels significantly decreased in the BFR leg compared to the control. The mRNA leve increase in mRNA levels of lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70.To inform Canada's research response to COVID-19, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research's Institute of Health Services and Policy Research (IHSPR) conducted a rapid-cycle priority identification process. Seven COVID-19 priorities for health services and policy research were identified system adaptation and organization of care; resource allocation decision-making and ethics; rapid synthesis and comparative policy analysis of the COVID-19 response and outcomes; healthcare workforce; virtual care; long-term consequences of the pandemic; and public and patient engagement. Three additional cross-cutting themes were identified supporting the health of Indigenous Peoples and vulnerable populations, data and digital infrastructure, and learning health systems and knowledge platforms. IHSPR hopes these research priorities will contribute to the broader ecosystem for collective research investment and action.
In 2014, Ontario increased its "minimum wage" for personal support workers (PSWs) in publicly funded home care.
The objective of this article is to determine the short-term results of this policy for home care PSWs' wages, hours and job stability.
This study uses descriptive graphs and ordinary least squares and unconditional quantile regressions, using PSWs across Canada as comparison groups.
Pre-policynominal wages for Ontario home care PSWs stagnated, whereas real wages declined. The policyincreased home care PSWs' wages without noticeably affecting hours or job stability. However, wages were already increasing for low-wage home care workers in the rest of Canada.
Ontario exercises monopsony power in the home care market and, before the wage increase, kept nominal wages stable compared to rising real and nominal wages in the rest of Canada. learn more This PSW-specific wage increase did not represent a drastic change relative to market conditions.
Ontario exercises monopsony power in the home care market and, before the wage increase, kept nominal wages stable compared to rising real and nominal wages in the rest of Canada.
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