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Bimodal Ultrasound exam and X-ray Bioimaging Attributes regarding Air particle Calcium supplement Fluoride Biomaterial.
We combined a normalized boundary loss function with soft Dice loss to improve the model optimization, and employed gradient accumulation to stabilize the training. The average Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) for brain extraction was 0.975 ± 0.002 (95% CI). The detection sensitivity per metastasis was 90% (329/367), with moderate dependence on metastasis size. Averaged across 102 test patients, our approach had metastasis detection sensitivity 95 ± 3%, 2.4 ± 0.5 false positives, DSC of 0.76 ± 0.03, and 95th-percentile Hausdorff distance of 2.5 ± 0.3 mm (95% CIs). The volumes of automatic and manual segmentations were strongly correlated for metastases of volume up to 20 ml (r=0.97,p less then 0.001). This work expounds a fully 3D deep learning approach capable of automatically detecting and segmenting brain metastases using co-registered T1 + C and CECT.Tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets (NSs) have become a promising room-temperature gas sensor candidate due to their inherent high surface-to-volume ratio, tunable electrical properties, and high on-state current density. For further practical applications of WS2-based gas sensors, it is still necessary to overcome the insensitive response and incomplete recovery at room temperature. In this work, we controllably synthesized high-performance ammonia (NH3) gas sensor based on CuO decorated WS2NSs. The optimized p-p WS2/CuO heterojunctions improve the surface catalytic effect, thereby enhancing the gas-sensing performance. The pure WS2NSs-based gas sensors showed a low response and an incomplete recovery in the case of NH3sensing. After the functionalization of CuO nanoparticles, the WS2/CuO heterostructure-based gas sensor exhibits an improved response value of 40.5% to 5  ppm NH3and full recoverability without any external assistance. Density functional theory calculations illustrate that the adsorption of CuO for NH3is much superior to WS2. The p-p heterojunctions strategy demonstrated in this work has great potential in the design of sensitive materials for gas sensors, and provides useful guidance for enhancing the room-temperature sensitivity and recoverability.Transmission x-ray microscopy (TXM), which can provide morphological and chemical structural information inside of battery component materials at tens of nanometer scale, has become a powerful tool in battery research. This article presents a short review of the TXM, including its instrumentation, battery research applications, and the practical sample preparation and data analysis in the TXM applications. A brief discussion on the challenges and opportunities in the TXM applications is presented at the end.Ab initiomolecular dynamics simulations are used to elucidate the mechanism of the phase transition in shock experiments from hexagonal graphite (HG) to hexagonal diamond (HD) or to cubic diamond (CD). The transition from HG to HD is found to occur swiftly in very small time of 0.2 ps, with large cooperative displacements of all the atoms. We observe that alternate layers of atoms in HG slide in opposite directions by 1/6 along the ±[2, 1, 0], which is about 0.7 Å, while simultaneously puckering by about ±0.25 Å perpendicular to thea-bplane. The transition from HG to CD occurred with more complex cooperative displacements. In this case, six successive HG layers slide in pairs by 1/3 along [0, 1, 0], [-1, -1, 0] and [1, 0, 0], respectively along with the puckering as above. We have also performed calculations of the phonon spectrum in HG at high pressure, which reveal soft phonon modes that may facilitate the phase transition involving the sliding and puckering of the HG layers. We have further calculated the Gibbs free energy, including the vibrational energy and entropy, and derived the phase diagram between HG and CD phases.Germanium diselenide (GeSe2) has emerged as a new member of anisotropic two-dimensional (2D) materials and gained increasing attention because of its excellent air stability, wide band gap and unique anisotropic properties, which exhibits promising applications in the fields of electronics, optoelectronics and polarized photodetection. However, the controllable epitaxial growth of large-scale and high-quality GeSe2nanostructures to date remains a big challenge. Herein, GeSe2nanofilms with lateral size up to centimeter scale have been successfully prepared on mica substrate by employing chemical vapor deposition technique. Experimental results demonstrated that hydrogen is the key factor for the controllable growth of GeSe2nanostructures and GeSe2-based heterostructures. Corresponding growth mechanism was proposed based on systematical characterizations. The nonlinear optical properties of as-prepared GeSe2were investigated by employing open-aperture z-scan technique exhibiting significant saturable and reverse saturable absorption behaviors at wavelengths of 400 nm and 800 nm, respectively. This study provides a new and robust route for fabricating GeSe2nanostructures and 2D heterostructures, which will benefit the development of GeSe2-based nonlinear optical and optoelectronic devices.Intrinsic two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials own strong long-range magnetism while their characteristics of the ultrathin thickness and smooth surface provide an ideal platform for manipulating the magnetic properties at 2D limit. This makes them to be potential candidates in various spintronic applications compared to their corresponding bulk counterparts. The discovery of magnetic ordering in 2D CrI3and Gr2Ge2Te6nanostructures stimulated tremendous research interest in both experimental and theoretical studies on various intrinsic magnets at 2D limit. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the recent progress on the emergent 2D magnets and heterostructures. Firstly, several kinds of typical 2D magnetic materials discovered in the last few years and their fabrication methods are summarized in detail. Secondly, the current strategies for manipulating magnetic properties in 2D materials are further discussed. Then, the recent advances on the construction of representative van der Waals magnetic heterostructures and their respective performance are provided. With the hope of motivating the researchers in this area, we finally offered the challenges and outlook on 2D magnetism.Large-area photon counting detectors (PCDs) are usually built by tiling multiple semiconductor panels that often have slightly different spectral responses to input x-rays. As a result of this spectral inconsistency, experimental PCD-CT images of large, human-sized objects may show high-frequency ring artifacts and low-frequency band artifacts. Due to the much larger width of the bands compared with the rings, the concentric artifact problem in PCD-CT images of human-sized objects cannot be adequately addressed by conventional CT ring correction methods. This work presents an experimental method to correct the concentric artifacts in PCD-CT. The method is applicable to not only energy-discriminating PCDs with multiple bins but also PCDs with only a single threshold controller. Its principle is similar to the two-step beam hardening correction method, except that the proposed method uses pixel-specific polynomial functions to address the spectral inconsistency problem across the detector plane. The pixel-specific polynomial coefficients were experimentally calibrated using 15 acrylic sheets and 6 aluminum sheets of known thicknesses. The pixel-specific polynomial functions were used to convert the measured PCD-CT projection data to acrylic- and aluminum-equivalent thicknesses that are energy-independent. The proposed method was experimentally evaluated using a human cadaver head and multiple physical phantoms two of them contain iodine and one phantom contains dual K-edge contrast materials (gadolinium and iodine). The results show that the proposed method can effectively remove the low-frequency concentric artifacts in PCD-CT images while reducing beam hardening artifacts. In contrast, the conventional CT ring correction algorithm did not adequately address the low-frequency band artifacts. Compared with the direct material decomposition-based correction method, the proposed method not only relaxes the requirement of multi-energy bins but also generates images with lower noise and fewer concentric artifacts.Objective.The physiological activity of the heart is controlled and modulated mostly by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is therefore used to observe fluctuations that reflect changes in the activity in these two branches. Knowing that acceleration and deceleration patterns in heart rate fluctuations are asymmetrically distributed, the ability to analyze HRV asymmetry was introduced into MMA.Approach. The new method is called asymmetric multiscale multifractal analysis (AMMA) and the analysis involved six groups 36 healthy persons, 103 cases with aortic valve stenosis, 36 with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 32 with atrial fibrillation, 59 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 13 with congestive heart failure.Main results. Analyzing the results obtained for the 6 groups of patients based on the AMMA method, i.e. comparing the Hurst surfaces for heart rate decelerations and accelerations, it was noticed that these surfaces differ significantly. And the differences occur in most groups for large fluctuations (multifractal parameterq > 0). In addition, a similarity was found for all groups for the AMMA Hurst surface for decelerations to the MMA Hurst surface-heart rate decelerations (lengthening of the RR intervals) appears to be the main factor determining the shape of the complete Hurst surface and so the multifractal properties of HRV. The differences between the groups, especially for CAD, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aortic valve stenosis, are more visible if the Hurst surfaces are analyzed separately for accelerations and decelerations.Significance. The AMMA results presented here may provide additional input for HRV analysis and create a new paradigm for future medical screening. Note that the HRV analysis using MMA (without distinguishing accelerations from decelerations) gave satisfactory screening statistics in our previous studies.Two-dimensional (2D) ZrS2monolayer (ML) has emerged as a promising candidate for thermoelectric (TE) device applications due to its high TE figure of merit, which is mainly contributed by its inherently low lattice thermal conductivity (LTC). This work investigates the effect of the lattice anharmonicity driven by the temperature-dependent phonon dispersions on the thermal transport of ZrS2ML. The calculations are based on the self-consistent phonon (SCP) theory to calculate the thermodynamic parameters along with the LTC. The higher-order (quartic) force constants were extracted by using an efficient compressive sensing lattice dynamics technique, which estimates the necessary data based on the emerging machine learning program as an alternative of computationally expensive density functional theory calculations. Resolve of the degeneracy and hardening of the vibrational frequencies of low-energy optical modes were predicted upon including the quartic anharmonicity. FB23-2 price As compared to the conventional Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) approach, the LTC of the optimized ZrS2ML unit cell within SCP + BTE approach is found to be significantly enhanced (e.
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