Notes

Immunohistochemical investigation involving cytokine expression levels because biomarkers in transrectal ultrasound-guided filling device biopsy individuals associated with prostate related adenocarcinoma.
A list of resources available to GPs is provided, and case studies are used to demonstrate how these resources can be used to support assessment and management during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Silicone breast implants have been usedfor post-mastectomy breast reconstruction and cosmetic augmentation since the 1960s. Recent regulatory action has resulted in a few devices being suspended or cancelled from the Australian market.

The aim of this article is to summarise important clinical information on how best to assess women with breast implants, and recognise and manage adverse events related to these devices.

It is hoped that this article will be a valuable aid to primary care practice in view of the increasing number of patients who will need ongoing surveillance and care.
It is hoped that this article will be a valuable aid to primary care practice in view of the increasing number of patients who will need ongoing surveillance and care.
COVID-19 has been at the forefront of public and scientific attention since the initial report in December 2019. The kidney is one of the target organs of thecausative SARS-CoV-2 virus.

The aim of this article is to discuss the current understanding of COVID-19 renal disease from a primary care perspective, with the caveat that our knowledge of the pathogenesis, clinical course and outcome of the disease is still rapidly evolving.

The kidney is one of the target organs ofthe causative SARS-CoV-2 virus, affecting the endothelium, podocytes andrenal tubular epithelial cells. Clinicalpresentation ranges from isolated proteinuria, haematuria to severe acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy. Renal dysfunction associated with COVID-19 has a worse prognosis whether it be in the form of AKI or worsening of pre-existing chronic kidney disease, or in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy.
The kidney is one of the target organs of the causative SARS-CoV-2 virus, affecting the endothelium, podocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells. Clinical presentation ranges from isolated proteinuria, haematuria to severe acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy. Renal dysfunction associated with COVID-19 has a worse prognosis whether it be in the form of AKI or worsening of pre-existing chronic kidney disease, or in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy.
Renal tract pain is a common presentation in the primary care settingthat can masquerade as other abdominopelvic conditions, and vice versa. A stepwise approach to a patient with renal tract pain can aid immensely in formulating an accurate diagnosis and providing optimal care.

The aim of this article is to present current evidence-based recommendations for renal tract pain to assist in its diagnosis, assessment and management.

Renal tract pain is mediated by a surge in prostaglandin release, leading to arterial vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, and subsequently ureteric oedema and spasms. Fostamatinib Referred and migratory pain are hallmarks of this condition and are unique to renal colic because of the progressive passage of the stone along the ureter. Diagnosis requires a stepwise approach with history-taking, assessment, blood tests and imaging. Successful management ofrenal tract pain necessitates a combination of analgesia and medical expulsive therapy, failing which surgical intervention is required.
Renal tract pain is mediated by a surge in prostaglandin release, leading to arterial vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, and subsequently ureteric oedema and spasms. Referred and migratory pain are hallmarks of this condition and are unique to renal colic because of the progressive passage of the stone along the ureter. Diagnosis requires a stepwise approach with history-taking, assessment, blood tests and imaging. Successful management of renal tract pain necessitates a combination of analgesia and medical expulsive therapy, failing which surgical intervention is required.
The effects of acute kidney injury (AKI) extend beyond the acute illness phase. Patients who survive AKI are at increased risk of hospital readmission, chronic disease including kidney and cardiovascular disease, frailty and death. AKI may be overlooked among more obvious or complex healthcare concerns. While developing a cogent, systemic response to care after AKI is a neglected public health priority, attention to several common challenges may improve patient outcomes.

The aim of this article is to highlight common challenges in managing survivors of AKI and offer suggestions toguide management.

For clinicians managing survivors of AKI, identifying and communicating patient priorities, risk factors and comorbidities including a history of AKI is important. Concurrent management challenges include education regarding lifestyle and pharmacotherapy, managing medication interruptions and dose adjustments, and re-establishing a long-term management plan for chronic diseases.
For clinicians managing survivors of AKI, identifying and communicating patient priorities, risk factors and comorbidities including a history of AKI is important. Concurrent management challenges include education regarding lifestyle and pharmacotherapy, managing medication interruptions and dose adjustments, and re-establishing a long-term management plan for chronic diseases.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect up to8.4% of girls and 1.7% of boys within their first six years of life. The rate of recurrence is as high as 30%, with the effects carrying long-term morbidity. Concomitant pathology such as vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) or bowel andbladder dysfunction (BBD) can posefurther diagnostic and management challenges in the primary care setting.

The aim of this article is to discuss the approach to diagnosis and management of recurrence and strategies to prevent it, with additional information regarding patients with VUR and BBD.

Management of recurrent UTIs requires family-centred care, with conservative, pharmacological and surgical options effective across different patient groups. In situations that exceed the capacity oflocal services, referral to paediatric subspecialties should be considered to assist in further investigation of recurrent cystitis-like symptoms.
Management of recurrent UTIs requires family-centred care, with conservative, pharmacological and surgical options effective across different patient groups.
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