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Fast plant life possess water-use and shortage strategies that equilibrium rain fall storage as well as famine success in environmentally friendly roofs.
Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.This study evaluated the effect of surface treatment and silanization of resin composite on the bond strength of relined fiber posts cemented with self-adhesive resin cement. Push-out and microtensile bond strength (MTBS) tests were performed in this study. The endodontic treatment of 80 single-rooted bovine teeth was first performed in the push- out test segment, followed by weakening the intracanal walls by diamond bur. Then, the glass fiber posts were adapted with resin composite to fill the root canals, followed by photoactivation and resin surface conditioning according to four different experimental conditions no conditioning as control, 10% hydrofluoric acid, 35% hydrogen peroxide, or air abrasion with alumina particle (all groups were subdivided into "with silanization" or "without silanization," thus totaling eight experimental groups). Self-adhesive resin cement was used for the post cementation. Four slices per tooth were obtained for the push-out tests. Next, 160 blocks of resin composite were first produced for the MTBS tests; their bonding surfaces were conditioned (as mentioned, ie, eight treatments), and they were cemented to each other. The 80 sets (n=10/treatment) were then cut into microbars (16/set) eight were immediately tested, while the other eight were thermocycled (12,000×) and stored (120 days) before MTBS. Failure modes and topographic analyses were performed after treatments. There was no statistically significant difference for the push-out results. In MTBS, surface treatment and silanization had a significant effect (p less then 0.001). Aging decreased bond strength for all groups. Considering the aged groups, air abrasion promoted the highest values and silanization improved bond strength for all treatments except air abrasion. The alumina particle air abrasion of the relining resin composite promoted the highest bond strengths when luting with self-adhesive resin cement.OBJECTIVE This in vitro study aimed to investigate the effect of cement type and roughness on the viability and cell morphology of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1). METHODS AND MATERIALS Discs of three adhesive (Panavia V5 [PV5], Multilink Automix [MLA], RelyX Ultimate [RUL] and three self-adhesive (Panavia SA plus [PSA], SpeedCem plus [SCP], RelyX Unicem [RUN]) resin composite cements were prepared with three different roughnesses using silica paper grit P180, P400, or P2500. The cement specimens were characterized by surface roughness and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic mapping. selleck inhibitor A viability assay was performed after 24 hours of incubation of HGF-1 cells on cement specimens. Cell morphology was examined with scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The roughness of the specimens did not differ significantly among the different resin composite cements. Mean Ra values for the three surface treatments were 1.62 ± 0.34 μm for P180, 0.79 ± 0.20 μm for P400, and 0.17 ± 0.08 μm for P2500. HGF-1 viability was significantly influenced by the cement material and the specimens' roughness, with the highest viability for PSA ≥ RUN = MLA ≥ SCP = PV5 > RUL (p P180 (p less then 0.001). Cell morphology did not vary among the materials but was affected by the surface roughness. CONCLUSION The composition of resin composite cements significantly affects the cell viability of HGF-1. Smooth resin composite cement surfaces with an Ra of 0.2-0.8 μm accelerate flat cell spreading and formation of filopodia.PURPOSE To evaluate gap formation of class II restorations, resin-filling techniques using microcomputed tomography (μCT) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) are discussed. METHODS AND MATERIALS Class II cavities were prepared in 30 third molars and analyzed in distal and mesial views. Prime&Bond Universal adhesive was applied in all teeth and divided into five groups (n=6) G1, SS+HIT (Spectra Smart+Horizontal Incremental Technique); G2, SS+OBL (Oblique Incremental Technique); G3, SDR+BFT (Surefil SDR+Bulk Fill Technique); G4, SDR+SS (SDR placed on cervical floors from mesial and distal boxes (not light cured), followed by incremental layering with SS and light curing incrementally with the horizontal technique); and G5, BEZ+BFT (Bulk EZ+BFT). All light-curing procedures were performed with high-mode/1200 mW/cm2, Bluephase Style 20i. Teeth were scanned twice (first scan, empty tooth; second scan, filled tooth after light curing) by μCT. Acquired μCT data were evaluated with software looking for gaps at the external mesial and distal margins and submitted to statistical analysis (one-way analysis of variance and least significant differences post hoc test). Validation of the μCT analysis was performed by SEM. RESULTS G5 showed the lowest gap formation percentage, similar to G4 (p=0.20). G4 also showed statistical similarities to G1 and G3 (p>0.05). G2 showed the highest percentages, similar to G1 (p=0.10) but different from the rest of the groups (p less then 0.05). SEM validated the μCT technique by showing qualitative similar images regarding external marginal gap. CONCLUSIONS The dual-cure composite and the use of flowable nonpolymerized plus horizontal filling technique showed the best marginal adaptations. The μCT technique was validated for visualization of gap formation after being compared to the SEM technique.OBJECTIVE This study investigated simulated cuspal deflection and flexural properties of bulk-fill and conventional flowable resin composites. METHODS AND MATERIALS Five bulk-fill and six conventional flowable resin composites were evaluated. Aluminium blocks with a mesio-occlusal-distal cavity were prepared and randomly divided into groups for each of the different measurement techniques and were further subdivided according to the type of flowable resin composite. The simulated cuspal deflection caused by the polymerization of resin composite within an aluminium block was measured using a highly accurate submicron digimatic micrometer or a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). In addition, the flexural properties of tested resin composites were measured to investigate the relation between cuspal deflection and flexural properties, and the resin composites were observed using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Simulated cuspal deflection of some bulk-fill flowable resin composites was found to be significantly lower than or similar to those for conventional counterparts, regardless of the measurement method.
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