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Engineering the "three-in-one" hirudin prodrug to lessen blood loss risk: The proof-of-concept review.
Practitioner summary In a full-motion cabin simulator study with 124 passengers the level of inflight anxiety and inflight sickness severity was monitored. Trait anxiety and motion sickness history were found to have different impacts on the temporal progression of individual sickness severity. Abbreviations ANOVA analysis of variance; AVES air vehicle simulator; hiA/hiM group with high anxiety and high motion sickness susceptibility; hiA/loM group with high anxiety and low motion sickness susceptibility;MSSQ motion sickness susceptibility scale; loA/hiM group with low anxiety and high motion sickness susceptibility; loA/loM group with low anxiety and low motion sickness susceptibility; SPSS statistical package for the social sciences; SSQ-TS total score from the simulator sickness questionaire; STAI state trait anxiety inventory.Sense of agency is the experience of control over one's own action and its consequent outcomes. The perceived time between a motor action and its consequent sensory outcomes (e.g., a flash of light) is shorter for a voluntary than involuntary action, a phenomenon known as intentional binding, which has been used extensively as an implicit measure of sense of agency. We developed a novel task in which participants had to respond whether a flash appeared immediately or with a delay relative to their voluntary action. We found that under high, but not low, uncertainty about the perceived time between voluntary finger movement and a subsequent flash of light, a prediction signal was generated in the right inferior parietal lobule prior to motor action. This prediction signal was linked to the emergence of a sudden insight solution (colloquially referred to as "Aha!" moment) in the right superior temporal gyrus prior to response. Single-trial event-related potential analysis revealed a reliable correlation between amplitudes of premotor and preresponse activities. The results suggest the existence of a predictive mechanism under high uncertainty about the timing of the sensory consequences of a voluntary motor action. The results are in line with the optimal cue integration theory of sense of agency, which states that both predictive and postdictive agency cues are crucial for the formation of sense of agency and the weight of each type of cue (predictive or postdictive) depends on their availability and reliability.NEW & NOTEWORTHY According to the optimal cue integration theory, the formation of sense of agency relies on both predictive and postdictive agency cues and how they are weighted based on their availability and reliability. Using a novel paradigm, we show for the first time a possible existence of a prediction signal prior to voluntary movement, which appears when postdictive agency cues (i.e., the judgment of the time between voluntary movement and a subsequent flash) are not reliable.A number of notions in the fields of motor control and kinesthetic perception have been used without clear definitions. In this review, we consider definitions for efference copy, percept, and sense of effort based on recent studies within the physical approach, which assumes that the neural control of movement is based on principles of parametric control and involves defining time-varying profiles of spatial referent coordinates for the effectors. The apparent redundancy in both motor and perceptual processes is reconsidered based on the principle of abundance. Abundance of efferent and afferent signals is viewed as the means of stabilizing both salient action characteristics and salient percepts formalized as stable manifolds in high-dimensional spaces of relevant elemental variables. This theoretical scheme has led recently to a number of novel predictions and findings. These include, in particular, lower accuracy in perception of variables produced by elements involved in a multielement task compared with the same elements in single-element tasks, dissociation between motor and perceptual effects of muscle coactivation, force illusions induced by muscle vibration, and errors in perception of unintentional drifts in performance. Taken together, these results suggest that participation of efferent signals in perception frequently involves distorted copies of actual neural commands, particularly those to antagonist muscles. Sense of effort is associated with such distorted efferent signals. Distortions in efference copy happen spontaneously and can also be caused by changes in sensory signals, e.g., those produced by muscle vibration.In this study, fifty-four wheat flour and wheat-based products available on the Hungarian market were assessed for twelve mycotoxins. Prior to analysis, a multi-mycotoxin method using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for wheat and wheat-based products. A simple extraction with acetonitrile/water/formic acid (79/20/1 v/v%) was used for sample preparation. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) were between 0.02 and 161 μg kg-1. Good linearity (r2 > 0.995) was achieved for all mycotoxins investigated. Recoveries varied between 88 and 120% at three concentration levels. Based on the low relative matrix effect (RSD less then 0.15%) of the different wheat flour samples, matrix-matched calibration was used, which also proved its suitability in proficiency testing (z-scores -0.6 for DON; +1.5 for OTA; -0.5 for ZEA). DON was the predominant mycotoxin, which contaminated 84% of the investigated samples. Metabolised forms of DON were found in spelt, durum flour and some wheat-based products (D3G in 4 samples, 15Ac-DON in 7 samples). T-2 and HT-2 were the second most frequently detected mycotoxins. All investigated samples complied with current European/Hungarian legislation.Background Obesity affects ∼20% of children in the United States and reports of successful dietary treatment are lacking. This study aimed to determine the change in body weight in severely obese youth after carbohydrate-restricted dietary intervention. Methods This single-center study of a carbohydrate-restricted diet (≤30 grams per day), with unlimited calories, fat, and protein for 3-4 months, examined two groups of severely obese youth of ages 5-18 years Group A, retrospectively reviewed charts of severely obese youth referred to the Pediatric Obesity Clinic at Hoops Family Children's Hospital and the Ambulatory Division of Marshall Pediatrics, Marshall University School of Medicine, in Huntington, WV, between July 1, 2014 and June 30, 2017 (n = 130), and Group B, prospective participants, referred between July 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018, followed with laboratory studies pre- and postdietary intervention (n = 8). CAY10585 Results In Group A, 310 participants began the diet, 130 (42%) returned after 3-4 months. Group B had 14 enrollees who began the diet, and 8 followed up at 3-4 months (57%).
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