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Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), has been recently demonstrated to be heteroecious and macrocyclic. The pathogen depends on wheat as the primary (telial) host and barberry as the main alternate (aecial) host to complete the complete life cycle. Viable teliospores are essential for the initiation of sexual reproduction of Pst. However, there is no exact source of viable teliospores are discovered yet to produce basidiospores to initiate infection on susceptible barberry. In the present study, we investigated the telial production and teliospore germinability of Pst in wheat fields in Gansu and Qinghai provinces and wheat straw stacks in Qinghai in 2018 and 2019. Field production of Pst teliospores was observed commonly at all growth stages of winter/spring wheat plants. The percentage of leaves bearing viable teliospores and germination rate of Pst teliospores were averaged 78.5% and 5.1% at tillering stage, 83.2% and 9.4% at early jointing stage, and 91.8% and 4.9% after booting stage in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Among wheat straw samples bearing telia collected from Qinghai province, samples with germinable teliospores ranged from 23.9% in January to 4.4% in June in 2018 and from 10.3% in January to 6.0% in May in 2019, with an overall mean germinability of 5.9%. This study showed that teliospores are produced at all growth stages of wheat under field conditions, and teliospores harbored in wheat straw stacks after wheat harvest are able to survive through winter for potential infection of barberry in the following spring.Thioredoxins (Trxs) function within the antioxidant network through modulation of one or more redox reactions involved in oxidative-stress signaling. Given their function in regulating cellular redox, Trx proteins also fulfill key roles in plant immune signaling. Here, TaTrxh1, encoding a subgroup h member of the Trx family, was identified and cloned in wheat (Triticum aestivum), which was rapidly induced by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici invasion and salicylic acid (SA) treatment. Overexpression of TaTrxh1 in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) induced programmed cell death. Silencing of TaTrxh1 in wheat enhanced susceptibility to P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in different aspects, including reactive oxygen species accumulation and pathogen-responsive or -related gene expression. Herein, we observed that the cellular concentration of SA was significantly reduced in TaTrxh1-silenced plants, indicating that TaTrxh1 possibly regulates wheat resistance to stripe rust through a SA-associated defense signaling pathway. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify TaTrxh1-interacting partners, we further show that interaction with TaCP1 (a RD19-like cysteine protease) and subsequent silencing of TaCP1 reduced wheat resistance to P. striiformis f. selleck products sp. tritici. In total, the data presented herein demonstrate that TaTrxh1 enhances wheat resistance against P. striiformis f. sp. tritici via SA-dependent resistance signaling and that TaTrxh1 interaction with TaCP1 is required for wheat resistance to stripe rust.[Formula see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.Lobular capillary hemangioma is a rare benign lesion found within the tracheobronchial tree. Patients usually present with recurrent hemoptysis, chronic cough, and rarely, with airway obstruction. We present a case of tracheal lobular capillary hemangioma in a 70-year-old man who presented with stridor and chronic cough. Bronchoscopy showed a 2-cm polypoidal lesion below the vocal cords, which was resected with an electrocautery snare using a rigid bronchoscope. Clinicians should be aware of this entity as one of the differentials for stridor. Bronchoscopic excision of the tumor is feasible and is a minimally invasive therapeutic option for management of these tumors.Pancreatic heterotopia is occasionally detected as an incidental finding in a diagnostic upper endoscopy. Although, it usually courses as an asymptomatic entity, the same pathological changes found in the normal located pancreas may develop. Mucinous pancreatic cystoadenoma is a premalignant lesion usually located in the body and tail of the pancreas characteristically in women in their fifties and sixties. The definitive diagnosis relies on the presence of a columnar mucin-producing epithelium and an ovarian-type stroma. This type of lesion fulfilling all the criteria and arising from a pancreatic heterotopia has been only reported in two cases. We report the third case of a mucinous pancreatic cystoadenoma arising from a pancreatic heterotopia in a different location than previously reported.Prisons were places where prisoners lost a part of their freedom and sometimes also health or even life. If they returned to normal life, re-socialization was not the worst problem. For many of them, it was challenging to find a way how to live on despite permanent health issues that led to decreased workability or even invalidity. In infectious illnesses like tuberculosis or typhoid fever, a released prisoner acted as a source of infection for their relatives, possibly causing worst health issues than he underwent himself. The cruel reality of historical penology can be demonstrated through death registries of two prisons of Prague - St. Wenceslas Prison and Pankrác Prison.The article expresses main phenomena of the health care at the oldest Czech monastery - St. George Monastery at the Prague Castle - in the early modern period. The care is studied based on the period regulations, archive information about resident and local (para)medics, facilities, control or diseases. The medical problems had to be in the spotlight of the monastery inhabitants since every disease meant the paralysing of the nun community. In this respect, the monastery was not independent of its environs. The St. George nuns was often brought face to face with male (para)medics. Direction of the men within the monastery belonged to the main problems of the health care in the early modern female communities.The forced disruption of education in the summer semester 2019-2020 was an unprecedented situation also for the teaching of anatomy at Czech medical faculties. Due to the forthcoming final exam on Anatomy, the situation urgently required a fluent transition to the distance learning. In our manuscript we present our experiences and tips based also on experience from other anatomical departments and which can be used in similar crises for a continuous.
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