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Expert-Augmented Computational Drug Repurposing Discovered Baricitinib like a Answer to COVID-19.
During long-term filtration, the size of bulk crystallization depended on the total content of carboxyl groups in feed solution. Both of them increased firstly and then decreased with increasing oxidation. The terminal fouling layer resistance also shared a similar tendency with them, because the deposition of bulk crystallization on membranes and the formation of dense scaling layer were the direct reasons for the long-term membrane fouling. Furthermore, the differential log-transformed absorbance spectroscopy was proven to be an efficient approach to predict short-term membrane fouling, especially in the wavelength range of 260 to 280 nm. This research could not only provide guidance on alleviating oxidation-enhanced membrane fouling in nanofiltration but also propose an efficient way to predict the membrane fouling which was influenced by the interaction between organic matters and inorganic ions.Membrane fouling is a prominent problem that hinders the stable and efficient operation of the reverse osmosis (RO) system for wastewater reclamation. Previous studies showed that chlorine disinfection, which was commonly used in industrial RO systems as pretreatment, could lead to significant change in microbial community structure and resulted in serious biofouling. In order to prevent biofouling during wastewater reclamation, the effect of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection on RO membrane fouling was investigated and the mechanism was also revealed in this study. With the disinfection pretreatment by UV of 20, 40 and 80 mJ/cm2, the bacteria in the feed water were inactivated significantly with a log reduction of 1.11, 2.55 and 3.61-log, respectively. However, RO membrane fouling aggravated with higher UV dosage. Especially, in the group with the UV dosage of 80 mJ/cm2, the normalized RO membrane flux decreased by 15% compared with the control group after 19-day operation. The morphology of the fouled RO membranes indicated serious biofouling in all groups. The analysis on the microbial amount of the foulants showed that the heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) and ATP content on the fouled RO membranes with and without UV disinfection were at the same level. However, the total organic carbon content of the foulants with the UV dosage of 40 and 80 mJ/cm2 was significantly higher than the control group, with higher content of proteins and polysaccharides as indicated by EEM and FTIR spectrum. Microbial community structure analysis showed that some typical UV-resistant bacteria were selected and remained on the RO membrane after disinfection with high UV dosage, including. These residual bacteria after disinfection with high UV dosage showed higher extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion compared with those without UV disinfection, and thus aggravated RO membrane fouling. Thicker EPS could decrease the transmission of UV rays, and thus bacteria with higher EPS secretion might be selected after UV disinfection.Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can be a useful tool to face some of the existing challenges in monitoring the use of new psychoactive substances (NPS), as it can provide objective and updated information. This Europe-wide study aimed to verify the suitability of WBE for investigating the use of NPS. Selected NPS were monitored in urban wastewater by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The main classical illicit drugs were monitored in the same samples to compare their levels with those of NPS. Raw composite wastewater samples were collected in 2016 and 2017 in 14 European countries (22 cities) following best practice sampling protocols. Methcathinone was most frequent (>65% of the cities), followed by mephedrone (>25% of the cities), and only mephedrone, methcathinone and methylone were found in both years. This study depicts the use of NPS in Europe, confirming that it is much lower than the use of classical drugs. WBE proved able to assess the qualitative and quantitative spatial and temporal profiles of NPS use. The results show the changeable nature of the NPS market and the importance of large WBE monitoring campaigns for selected priority NPS. WBE is valuable for complementing epidemiological studies to follow rapidly changing profiles of use of drugs.To investigate the role of granular activated carbon (GAC) on nitrogen removal performance of elemental sulfur-based constructed wetlands (S0-based CWs), three systems were constructed according to the different configurations in the functional layer, namely S-CW (S0 added in the functional layer), CSC-CW (GAC, S0 and GAC placed in layers in the functional layer) and SC-CW (S0 and GAC mixed evenly in the functional layer). In CSC-CW and SC-CW, the volumetric ratio of S0GAC was 91. Three CWs were operated under four different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) ranged from 48 h to 6 h. Over the experiment, total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal rates of the three CWs were 3.1 - 23.6 g m-2 d-1, 3.5 - 24.1 g m-2 d-1 and 3.4 - 11.5 g m-2 d-1, respectively; CSC-CW remained high TIN removal efficiency (from 74.7 ± 20.2 % to 93.4 ± 1.9 %) while SC-CW had significant lower values when HRT = 6 h (29.8 ± 30.1 %). Mass balance and high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that mixotrophic denitrification at the sulfur layer and simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) at the rhizosphere played the major role in N removal from CSC-CW (> 95 %). GAC addition facilitated the growth of Iris pseudacorus with the final fresh weight increased from 33.9 gFW ind-1 to 82.3 gFW ind-1 in CSC-CW and 82.7 gFW ind-1 in SC-CW. This study optimizes the practical application of S0-based CWs amended with GAC for N removal from carbon-limited wastewater.Inadequate transfer of passive immunity (TPI) is associated with increased risk for calfhood disease and increased risk of mortality and morbidity. Accurately diagnosing calves and herds with inadequate TPI is of primary importance and brix (BRIX) or classical refractometer (REF) devices are more practical for this purpose than measuring the serum immunoglobulin G concentration in neonatal calves. XAV-939 We previously reported a systematic review and meta-analysis for quantifying the pooled accuracy of BRIX and REF for detecting calves with serum IgG less then 10 g/L noting that sparse data were available especially because studies did not report the same thresholds. We updated the previous systematic review using different methods that accounted for the test results distribution in calves with or without inadequate TPI. With this approach, all reported cut-offs for a specific study are used in that Bayesian approach that quantifies how accuracy varied among all reported thresholds. Five new manuscripts were included, which represented 4 new studies since the initial study was performed.
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